The life of a journal Part 1 Manuscript

The life of a journal Part 1: Manuscript creation, peer review, and production Dana Compton | KWF Consulting 22 September 2015 George Washington University

22 September 2016 Overview KWF Consulting Big picture Authorship Peer review Production 2

BIG PICTURE 3 KWF Consulting 22 September 2016

Covers science, medicine, technology, maths, social sciences, and arts and humanities; general, specialty, and subspecialty KWF Consulting Subfield of publishing that distributes academic research and scholarship primarily through peerreviewed journal articles. 22 September 2016 What is scholarly publishing? Like other media (e. g. , music, newspapers), scholarly publishing is undergoing period of extraordinary change, presenting both opportunities and challenges • • Print-to-digital transition Business model (r)evolution: library budget constraints and open access Globalization “Big is big” 4

Scholarly publishing today 30, 000 peer-reviewed journals KWF Consulting 5, 000 publishers 22 September 2016 STM Report, 2014 2 million peer-reviewed articles annually 5

Europe/ Middle East 28% US 55% Percentage of global STM revenues by region Outsell, 2014 Kaufman Wills Fusting 21 Sep 2015 Rest of world 4% China 5% Asia/ Pacific 14% 6

Kaufman Wills Fusting 21 Sep 2015 Growth in articles published 7

21 Sep 2015 Kaufman Wills Fusting Last 10 years growth (2000 -2010) = previous 40 years of growth (1960 -2000) 8

Print-to-digital transition Business model (r)evolution: library budget constraints and open access KWF Consulting Like other media (e. g. , music, newspapers), scholarly publishing is undergoing period of extraordinary change, presenting both opportunities and challenges 22 September 2016 Scholarly publishing as an industry Globalization “Big is big” 9

Industry growth rate 6% 2005 -2008 industry growth rate (5%) 4% 2008 -2013 industry growth rate (2. 7%) 3% 2% Kaufman Wills Fusting 21 Sep 2015 5% 1% 10 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

• Commercial publishers • • • Elsevier Springer Nature Taylor & Francis Wiley Wolters Kluwer SAGE • University Presses • Cambridge U Press • Oxford U Press • Society publishers • Service providers Positions • • Copyeditor Editorial assistant Peer review associate Managing editor Editorial director Production manager Executive editor KWF Consulting Employers 22 September 2016 Employers and positions 11

AUTHORSHIP 12 KWF Consulting 22 September 2016

Authors rely on reach, speed, and impact to decide where to publish Kaufman Wills Fusting Most authors of peerreviewed literature are researchers employed by universities Authors are motivated to “publish or perish” by funding needs and career development 21 Sep 2015 Author motivation 13

Review papers Full articles • Communicate significant advances, early and rapidly, without including too much data or detail • Summarize recent developments on specific topic, without introducing new data • Contain significant data, detail, developments and outcomes, make up lion’s share of most scholarly journals KWF Consulting Brief reports 22 September 2016 Types of articles 14

Materials and methods Introduction Results Discussion and conclusions References Graphics, multimedia, data KWF Consulting Abstract Key words / SEO 22 September 2016 Full article components 15

Authors encouraged to use relevant research reporting guidelines for study type provided by EQUATOR Network to ensure that author provides enough information for editors, peer reviewers, and readers to understand how research was performed and to judge whether findings likely to be reliable. • Randomized controlled trials • CONSORT guidelines • Systematic reviews and meta-analyses • PRISMA guidelines • MOOSE guidelines • Observational studies in epidemiology • STROBE guidelines • MOOSE guidelines • Diagnostic accuracy studies • STARD guidelines • Quality improvement studies KWF Consulting • Key reporting guidelines 22 September 2016 Research reporting guidelines • SQUIRE guidelines 16

• Have you provided details of all of your coauthors? Is the information that you have entered into Scholar. One the same as the information on the manuscript title page? • Manuscript length and formatting: • Have you checked that your manuscript doesn’t exceed the requirements for word count, number of tables and/or figures, and number of references? Have you provided your abstract in the correct format? Have you supplied any required additional information for your article type, such as key messages? • References • • Have you embedded any tables into the main text? Have they been cited in the text? Have you provided appropriate table legends? Have you uploaded any lengthy tables as supplementary files for online publication? • Figures • Have you uploaded any figures separately from the text? Have they been supplied in an acceptable format and are they of sufficient quality? Are they suitable for black and white reproduction (unless you intend to pay any required fees for color printing)? Have the files been labelled appropriately? Have the figures been cited in the text? Have you provided appropriate figure legends? Have you supplied these in an acceptable format? Have they been cited in the main text? • Statements • Have you included the necessary statements relating to contributorship, competing interests, data sharing and ethical approval? • Research reporting checklists • • Tables • Have all of the references been cited in the text? • Supplementary files and appendices Have you either provided the appropriate statement for your study type, or explained why a checklist isn’t required? • Permissions • Have you obtained from the copyright holder to reuse any previously published material? Has the source been acknowledged? KWF Consulting • Author information 22 September 2016 Pre-submission checklist • Reviewers • Have you provided the names of any preferred and non-preferred reviewers? • Revised manuscripts • Have you supplied both a marked copy and a clean copy of your manuscript? Have you provided a point by point response to the reviewer and editor comments? 17

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 The manuscript 18

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Author template 19

Originality and plagiarism • Authorship should be limited to those who have made significant contribution to conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study • Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if authors have used work and/or words of others, that this has been appropriately cited or quoted Data access and retention • Authors may be asked to provide raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should be prepared to provide public access to such data Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication • Author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Disclosure and conflicts of interest • All submissions must include disclosure of all relationships that could be viewed as presenting potential conflict of interest KWF Consulting Authorship of paper 22 September 2016 Ethical issues 20

PEER REVIEW 21 KWF Consulting 22 September 2016

Section editors Managing editor Editorial board Peer review KWF Consulting Editor in chief 22 September 2016 Editorial organization 22

On their recommendation, editors will accept, accept with revisions, or reject a manuscript To make good judgments, peer reviewers use checklists to evaluate content for scientific value and originality, to see that articles adhere to general scientific practice and journal’s specific guidelines The peer reviewer , after closely reviewing methodology and validity of data and considering ethical approach, will recommend changes before manuscript is published KWF Consulting Reviewers help determine the validity, significance and originality of the work, and can suggest improvements to the manuscript and the research 22 September 2016 What does the peer reviewer do? 23

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Peer review process 24

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Peer review process 25

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Copyright 26

PRODUCTION 27 KWF Consulting 22 September 2016

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 From acceptance to publication 28

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Copyedited manuscript 29

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 Peer review and publishing process 30

Print to online transition needs to be proactively managed. Digital publishing has higher costs related to added value and enhancements. Advertising continues to be slow to migrate to digital formats. Kaufman Wills Fusting Online is higher than print use and continues to grow, but print is still sometimes preferred. 21 Sep 2015 Format 31

Moving to online only Journal and society brand identity Less “real” to authors Print advertising Demand from certain demographics Subscriber interest Production and distribution savings (10%-25%) Cost of printing and postage outstrip print advertising sales 21 Sep 2015 Perceived loss of member benefit Incentives Kaufman Wills Fusting Disincentives Lower e-only member subscription fee 32

Extensible, using third party plugins Semantic tagging/ taxonomies SEO Kaufman Wills Fusting Open source content management software (Drupal) 21 Sep 2015 The Web is the platform Reader-centric • Interface • Design • Article • Deep, not linear, reading 33

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 1869 34

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 35

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 PNAS article on PMC 36

KWF Consulting 22 September 2016 PNAS article via Google 37

22 September 2016 KWF Consulting Dana Compton | dana. compton@kwfco. com Q&A 38