THE LIA PROJECT LIBRI ITALIANI ACCESSIBILI TOWARDS MAINSTREAM

THE LIA PROJECT (LIBRI ITALIANI ACCESSIBILI): TOWARDS MAINSTREAM DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESSIBLE EPUB EBOOKS IN ITALY 6 th EUROPEAN EACCESSIBILITY FORUM PARIS, 26 th MARCH 2012

The LIA Project – Libri Italiani Accessibili aims at providing a service able to increase the availability on the market of digital publications accessible for blind and visual impaired. The Project is coordinated by Associazione Italiana Editori, (Italian Publishers Association) and managed by its service company Ediser working in collaboration with the Italian Blind Union. It is funded by the Italian Ministry for Culture in compliance with the “Fund in favour of publishing for blind and visual impaired”. The Project aims at creating an online catalogue of 3, 000 accessible titles including fiction and essays from Italian and foreign authors that will be then update in the following years. The funding idea is to include accessibility in mainstream production and distribution flows rather than to create a dedicated stream. Such outline will advantage blind and visual impaired as they will be able to purchase and/or lend ebooks at the same conditions than sighted readers (in terms of channels and time), with tangible benefits for their inclusion in wider socio-cultural terms. 2

The Project, set off in 2011, is biennial and can be divided in two stages: a pilot stage and a working stage. During the first stage, ended by the end of 2011, preliminary studies necessary to define all the aspects of service have been carried out. In particular: • • • Survey on reading habits and use of technologies by blind and visual impaired; Analysis of accessible production formats; Accessibility tests; Analysis of metadata; Design of production, cataloguing and distribution flows of accessible versions. 3

THE LIA PROJECT THE SURVEY 4

THE SURVEY The survey was carried out in 2011 in collaboration with Unione Italiana Ciechi (Italian Blind Union) and Conferenza Nazionale Universitaria dei Delegati per la Disabilità (National Conference of University Delegates for Disability). Scientific coordination was made by the Milan University Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca along with the main Italian survey company Doxa. The most significant result emerging from the survey, how much and how frequently blind and visual impaired read, highlights they are keen readers: in a sample totaling 1, 505 persons, the average of books read yearly is nine per capita, three times more than the national average of sighted readers. Survey also examined: • the relation between blind and visual impaired and reading; • availability and use by blind and visual impaired of reading digital devices such as tablets, ereaders etc. In particular: • how much and how frequently blind and visual impaired read books; • which is or would be their favourite literary genre; • what reading instruments they use: formats, software and devices. 5

THE SURVEY Average number of per capita books read by visual impaired in the last 12 months: 9. 2 Sighted readers of of of at at at least one one book inin in the the last 12 12 12 months 46. 8% (Source: Istat 2010) Average number of of of books read inin in preceding three months 2. 71 (Source Nielsen for for Cebel 2010) Every day Sometimes a week Once a week Sometimes a month a year 6

THE SURVEY 15. 0% Digital formats 29. 7% 14. 4% 14. 0% Used Favourite 12. 0% % of responses [Multiple response] 10. 4% 9. 0% 10. 2% 8. 1% 10. 1% 8. 8% 9. 3% 9. 8% 9. 7% 9. 1% 8. 4% 5. 9% 6. 0% 6. 4% 3. 0% 0. 0% Mp 3 (in Book Publishers' Catalogs, i. e. audiobooks) TXT Format DOC Format CD (in Book Publishers' Catalogs, i. e. audiobooks) Braille (on paper) PDF Format Large print books (in Book Publishers' Catalogs) 7

THE LIA PROJECT FORMAT ANALYSIS AND ACCESSIBILITY TESTS 8

FORMAT ANALYSIS AND ACCESSIBILITY TESTS The operating structure of LIA, in tight cooperation with the major international projects active in the field of accessibility, like ETIN at EC level, TIGAR under the aegis of WIPO, and organizations such as IDPF, identified the EPUB format as the most suitable standard for the production and distribution of the 3, 000 accessible titles foreseen as final objective of the project. This choice was made considering the following: • EPUB is presently the standard most used internationally by publishers for producing ebooks; • EPUB 3. 0 is a highly accessible format, as its specifics include those of the DAISY format, one of the most used standards for producing accessible contents. Namely, the accessibility of an EPUB 3 file is granted by an improved navigation of contents, possible thanks to a complete and flexible representation of content and to the use of semantic tags. 9

FORMAT ANALYSIS AND ACCESSIBILITY TESTS The first phase of analysis took part in cooperation with national and international accessibility experts and emphasized that digital file accessibility originates from the composite interaction of the following elements: • • • the the the file created by the publisher; reading software (assistive and/or mainstream); specific reading device; DRM type applied to the file; kind of disability of user. Contemporarily, tests were made on some EPUB 2 sample files provided by publishers who agreed to join the pilot stage. The results allowed to define the characteristics an EPUB 2 or 3 must include to be fully accessible. Such features were organized in a specific chart, shared with accessibility experts. 10

FILE ACCESSIBILITY FEATURES LIST 11

METADATA FOR ACCESSIBILITY The criteria an editorial product needs to have to be considered accessible must be codified in metadata, like for example the importance of navigation index, reading order, alternative text etc. Following the results of discussions within the Enabling Technology Framework, with the participation of LIA’s partner m. EDRA, EDIt. EUR issued a list of metadata to describe accessibility in ONIX (List ONIX 196 E-publication Accessibility detail), formally approved by the ONIX International Steering Committee in Frankfurt 2011. The list of metadata, included in the Issue 15 of ONIX Codelists, is integrated in the standard ONIX for Books (v. 2. 1. e v. 3. 0) and it will be possible to update it following the evolutions in the publishing sector. A specific element (“Lia Compliant”) was included to inform all operators in the mainstream distribution system (platforms, bookstores, libraries, ISBN catalogue) that the accessibility of a title has been certified by LIA.

METADATA CODELIST 196 RECORD ONIX 3. 0

ACCESSIBILITY TESTS Six Italian publishers, representing different kind of trade publications, provided LIA with some EPUB files (fiction and non-fiction books) already available on the market. In collaboration with the Institute for Blind People “F. Cavazza” of Bologna and other accessibility experts LIA: - analyzed the structure of the files provided by the publishers following the “File accessibility features list”; - converted the files provided by the publishers in accessible EPUB files; - tested the accessibility of the EPUB files to check whether they were actually accessible with different devices, software and assistive technologies. 14

ACCESSIBILITY TESTS The end user (with the support of an accessibility expert if needed) was given three ebooks, converted in accessible version, to be tested with assistive technologies, mainstream devices and dedicated reading software. 15

ACCESSIBILITY TESTS In particular, tests focused on: Accessibility Test with blind people File Device Reading Software EPUB Accessibility Test with partially sighted people File PC ADE 1. 8 Reading Software Device Mac, i. Pad, i. Phone EPUB i. Books Mac, i. Pad, i. Phone PC Bluefire ADE 1. 8 Assistive Technologies Pc, Mac, i. Pad, Mac, i. Phonei. Pad, i. Phone Voice. Over Magic/Zoom Voice. Over Accessibility and DRM i. Books Zoom Ibis Reader JAWS/Voice. Over Assistive Technologies Reading Software for partially si Over. Drive Voice. Over for blind people Bluefire Zoom people Blio Voice. Over File Mac, Device i. Pad, i. Phone Pc, Mac, i. Pad, i. Phone Ouiivo. Ibis Reader EPUB with e. Pub Reader Pc i. Pad, i. Phone Over. Drive Adobe DRM Magic/Zoom Voice. Over JAWS/Voice. Over Zoom i. Pad, i. Phone Blio Zoom i. Pad, i. Phone Ouiivo Zoom Pc JAWS/NVDA/Voice. Over Assistive Technologies PC ADE 1. 8 e. Pub Reader JAWS/NVDA/Voice. Over Magic/Zoom Mac, i. Pad, i. Phone Bluefire Voice. Over Zoom Pc, Mac, i. Pad, i. Phone Ibis Reader JAWS/Voice. Over Magic/Zoom i. Pad, i. Phone Over. Drive Voice. Over Zoom

ACCESSIBILITY OF MAINSTREAM EREADERS AND TABLETS Another goal of the test phase was to analyze the usability of the most common mainstream ereaders and tablets. In particular, this second test was focused on the following mainstream ereaders: • • Leggo IBS (the Italian ereader); Sony PRS-650; Amazon Kindle; i. Pad.

ACCESSIBILITY OF MAINSTREAM DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS The last part of the test phase regarded the accessibility of the final parts of the online distribution flow. In particular: • the main bookstores online (included payment sections); • payment sections outside the bookstores. In both cases accessibility is not fully in place yet and LIA is contacting them to create awareness on the issue

THE LIA PROJECT PRODUCTION, CATALOGUING AND DISTRIBUTION: USING MAINSTREAM FLOWS 19

WOULD-BE LIA ECOSYSTEM 20

THE LIA CATALOGUE The LIA catalogue will be available on the website www. libriitalianiaccessibili. it. By the end of the project, the idea would be to have some 3, 000 titles as wideranging as possible, ideally including best-sellers, literary prizes, with a specific section for children and teens. • User searches for title inside the accessible ebooks catalogue; • User consults ebook metadata list including: - bibliographic indications; - accessibility metadata; - info on which online store/library has the accessible ebook for sale/lending. • Every chosen title will enter in an accessible order, transferred to the selected online store/library. • User will pay on the online store/library site. • Should the “LIA compliant” certified file be different from the file for sighted readers, blind and visual impaired users could possibly be requested to produce a medical certificate in order to be authenticated as such. 21

LIA SERVICES FOR PUBLISHERS AND USERS • • LIA will offer publishers training activities such as: - guidelines for the production of accessible ebooks; - dedicated training lessons on content accessibility; - support for the creation of accessible ebooks. Conversion of EPUB 2 files into EPUB 3 accessible files (EPUB 2 compliant); • “LIA compliant” certification of file accessibility; • Filling of accessibility metadata: code list 196 integrated in ONIX for Books v. 2. 1 and 3. 0 • Users will find in a dedicated section of the site useful information on the use of technologies, tests on reading devices, updates on newest innovations. 22

GUIDELINES ON PRODUCTION WORKFLOWS AND ACCESSIBILITY Best practice guidelines for publishers to follow in their production process and, where appropriate, to integrate existing standards (including ONIX, e. Pub and DAISY) into mainstream publishing are starting to circulate. LIA has provided the translation into Italian of the Accessible Publishing, Best Practice Guidelines for Publishers recently released by EDIt. EUR and produced its Tagging best practice guide for accessible ebooks in Italian, available on request at LIA office. For further reference: http: //www. editeur. org/109/Enabling. Technologies-Framework/ http: //search. oreilly. com/? q=accessible +epub+3 Ebook accessibili: best practice di di taggatura

REMARKS ON PRODUCTION WORKFLOWS AND ACCESSIBILITY In order to be economically sustainable, accessibility has to be integrated in the digital content production chain. • General principle: if the contents are tagged semantically (i. e. using html 5 semantic tags and epub 3: type semantic inflection) and the epub 3 navigation document is used correctly, an epub file will be accessible (for both visually impaired and hardware/software); • Value proposition: semantic tagging adds value to publisher's main assets, namely contents. A semantically tagged epub 3 file is: – Accessible for visually impaired readers; – Future proof (i. e. transferable to new formats with reasonable costs); – Easily manageable by Content Management Systems; – More apt to indexing/chunking/reaggregation; – A cost effective long term open and smart archival format. 24

REMARKS ON PRODUCTION WORKFLOWS AND ACCESSIBILITY The real question therefore is: what is the cost of semantic tagging? • In an XML first production workflow, this cost is negligible (all is needed is some straightforward modification to the XSL transformations); • In an XML last production workflow (i. e. DTP for print first, then epub/digital export): – The way the content is typesetted needs to be optimized for a dual print/digital output (i. e. some DTP habits needs to be changed); – This does have some cost overhead, but in the medium term results in some significant (about 20%? ? ) savings in “pre-press” costs; – The current generation of DTP programs (i. e. Adobe in. Design) does not export fully semantic epub (no support for HTML 5/epub: type semantic inflection), but this is probably going to change soon; – Digital friendly typesetting practices do not depend on the DTP tool used (i. e. start now and wait for better export features). • The cost of retrofitting semantic on existing non-semantically tagged files can be significant (depending on the complexity of the layout). Gross estimate: 10 -40 eurocents/page 25

THE LIA STAFF Project Manager Cristina Mussinelli cristina. mussinelli@progettolia. it Project Assistants Rosa Mugavero rosa. mugavero@progettolia. it Alessandra Mutti alessandra. mutti@progettolia. it Tel. +39. 02 89280808 Fax +39. 02 89280868 26