The Latin Alphabet Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have

The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound. Latin vowels have only 2 sounds (short and long). a b c d e f g h i k about : father bat cat dog pet : they fish game hat pit : machine kite l m n o p q r s t u light might night off : note pet quite rrright sight tight put : rule v x y z ae ai au ia iu oe ch like ‘w’ in wind fox yes zoo like ‘ai’ in aisle like ‘ou’ in house like ‘ya’ in yacht like ‘you’ in you like ‘oy’ in boy anchor

What’s in Nouns and Adjectives? § Number : How Many : Singular (cat) or Plural (cats) § Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter § Case : grammatical function in sentence § Nominative [the most commonly used case] § subject : Marcus eats fish. § subject compliment : Marcus is a fisherman. § Genitive : usu. possession : Julia’s son § Dative : usu. indirect object : I give fish to Julia. § Accusative § dir. obj. ; obj. of preposition : I put kids into the car. § Ablative § obj. of preposition : I saw Julia with a fish. § Vocative : direct address : Hey, Marcus; Hey, Julia. . .

A note about gender in Latin: A Latin noun’s gender often depends on how the noun is spelled. For example… • ‘woman’ (femina) is feminine in Latin, but so is ‘spear’ (hasta). • Both femina and hasta are 1 st declension nouns, and almost all 1 st declension nouns are feminine.

What’s a Declension? : The Basics v group of nouns or adjectives with similar spelling patterns v Latin nouns > 5 declensions (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th) v Latin adjectives > 2 declensions (1 st & 2 nd; 3 rd) v 1 st Declension nouns > via, viae; puella, puellae v 2 nd Declension nouns > amicus, amici; donum, doni

Declensions > How to Tell? Look at the genitive singular ending… v 1 st Declension > via, viae; puella, puellae v 2 nd Declension Masculine > amicus, amici; vir, viri v 2 nd Declension Neuter > donum, doni; bellum, belli

Lively. Latin : Lesson 1 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun ursa, ursae, feminine ursae ursam ursā ursae ursārum ursīs ursās ursīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 1 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun nauta, nautae, masculine nautae nautam nautā nautae nautārum nautīs nautās nautīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 2 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun casa, casae, feminine Case singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative casa cas ae cas am cas ā plural casae casārum casīs casās casīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 2 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun nauta, nautae, masculine Case singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative nauta naut ae naut am naut ā plural nautae nautārum nautīs nautās nautīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

What’s in a Verb? • Person & Number : Who & How Many • 1 st Sg (I), 2 nd Sg (you), 3 rd Sg (he/she/it) • 1 st Pl (we), 2 nd Pl (you all), 3 rd Pl (they) • Tense : when action happens : I run (present tense) • Voice : relationship of subject to verb action - Active : subject does action (We see the dog. ) - Passive : subject acted upon (The dog is seen by us. ) • Mood : relationship of verb to reality - Indicative : verb as fact (I saw the dog. ) - Imperative : verb as command (See the dog!) - Subjunctive: verb as possibility (I may see the dog. )

What’s a Conjugation? v a group of verbs with similar spelling patterns v 1 st Conjugation v amo, amare v do, dare v 2 nd Conjugation v moneo, monere v valeo, valere

Lively. Latin : Lesson 3 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb amō, amāre Person singular plural 1 st 2 nd 3 rd amāmus we love amātis you all love amant they love amō I love amās you love amat he loves she loves it loves 1. 2. write down the first principal part write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 4 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb clamō, clamāre Person 1 st 2 nd 3 rd singular plural clamō I shout clamās you shout clamat he shouts she shouts it shouts 1. 2. clamā mus clamā tis clama nt we shout you all shout they shout write down the first principal part write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 5 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun fabula, fabulae, feminine Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular fabula fabul ae fabul am fabul ā plural fabul ae fabul ārum fabul īs fabul ās fabul īs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun fenestra, fenestrae, feminine Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular fenestra fenestr ae fenestr am fenestr ā plural fenestrae fenestrārum fenestrīs fenestrās fenestrīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the stem of the genitive singular – ae 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) dominus, dominī, masculine Case singular Nominative dominus Genitive domin ī Dative domin ō Accusative domin um Ablative domin ō plural domin ī domin ōrum domin īs domin ōs domin īs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) hortus, hortī, masculine Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular hortus hort ī hort ō hort um hort ō plural hortī hortōrum hortīs hortōs hortīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) equus, equī, masculine Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular equus equ ī equ ō equ um equ ō plural equī equōrum equīs equōs equīs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Comparison of Nouns: Lessons 1 -6 1 st Decl. Fem. 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 2 nd Decl. Mas. -r ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp ursa, ursae, f. equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. ursa urs ae urs am urs ā urs ae urs ārum urs īs urs ās urs īs vir ī vir ō vir um vir ō vir ī vir ōrum vir īs vir ōs vir īs equus equ ī equ ō equ um equ ō equ ī equ ōrum equ īs equ ōs equ īs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem x 9 3. add endings

Let’s decline a 2 nd Declension Neuter noun.

Be careful: ALL neuter words have the same spelling in their nominatives and accusatives.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 9 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) donum, donī, neuter Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular donum don ī don ō donum don ō plural don a don ōrum don īs don a don īs 1. write down the nominative singular x 2 2. write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Now, let’s compare the various types of 2 nd Declension nouns.

You’ll see that 2 nd Declension masculine and neuter nouns differ only in their nominatives and accusatives.

Comparison of 2 nd Decl. Nouns : Lesson 9 ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 2 nd Decl. Mas. –r 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. donum, doni, n. equus equ ī equ ō equ um equ ō equ ī equ ōrum equ īs equ ōs equ īs vir ī vir ō vir um vir ō vir ī vir ōrum vir īs vir ōs vir īs donum donī donō donum donō dona donōrum donīs dona donīs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 10 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) amō, amāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P amābam amābas amabat amābamus amābatis amabant I was loving you were loving he/she/it was loving we were loving you all were loving they were loving 1. Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc. )

Now, let’s compare the present and imperfect tenses.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 10 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present & Imperfect Tenses) amō, amāre Person & Number 1 S amō Present Tense Imperfect Tense I love amābam I was loving 2 S amās you love amābas you were loving 3 S amat he/she/it loves amābat he/she/it was loving 1 P amāmus we love amābamus we were loving 2 P amātis you all love amābatis you all were loving 3 P amant they love amābant they were loving

Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) amō, amāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P amābo amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt I shall love you will love he/she/it will love we shall love you all will love they will love 1. Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc. )

Now, let’s compare the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) amō, amāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1 S amō amābam amābo 2 S amās amābas amābis 3 S amat amābit 1 P amāmus amābamus amābimus 2 P amātis amābatis amābitis 3 P amant amābunt

Let’s conjugate another 1 st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) ululō, ululāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P ululābam ululābas ululābat ululābamus ululābatis ululābant I was howling you were howling he/she/it was howling we were howling you all were howling they were howling 1. Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc. )

Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

Lively. Latin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) celō, celāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P celābo celābis celābit celābimus celābitis celābunt I shall hide you will hide he/she/it will hide we shall hide you all will hide they will hide 1. Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc. )

Lively. Latin : Lesson 12 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) gladius, gladiī, masculine Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular gladius gladi ī gladi ō gladi um gladi ō plural gladi ī gladi ōrum gladi īs gladi ōs gladi īs 1. write down the nominative singular 2. write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 12 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) laudō, laudāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1 S laudō laudābam laudābo 2 S laudās laudābas laudābis 3 S laudat laudābit 1 P laudāmus laudābamus laudābimus 2 P laudātis laudābatis laudābitis 3 P laudant laudābunt

Lively. Latin : Lesson 12 How to conjugate the “be” verb (sum, esse) (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) The conjugation of this verb is a bit irregular, especially in the present tense. Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1 S sum eram erō 2 S es erās eris 3 S est erat erit 1 P sumus erāmus erimus 2 P estis erātis eritis 3 P sunt erant erunt

Lively. Latin : Lesson 13 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) habitō, habitāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1 S habitō habitābam habitābo 2 S habitās habitābas habitābis 3 S habitat habitābit 1 P habitāmus habitābamus habitābimus 2 P habitātis habitābatis habitābitis 3 P habitant habitābunt

Lively. Latin : Lesson 14 How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Imperfect Tense) sum, esse Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P eram eras erat eramus eratis erant I was you were he/she/it was we were you all were they were THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. Write down era x 6 2. Add the endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt)

Lively. Latin : Lesson 14 How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Future Tense) sum, esse Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt I shall be you will be he/she/it will be we shall be you all will be they will be THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. Write down er x 6 2. Add the endings (o, is, it, imus, itis, unt)

1 st & 2 nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 1 st Decl. Fem. –a 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um bonus, m. bona, f. bonum, n. bonus bon ī bon ō bon um bon ō bon ī bon ōrum bon īs bon ōs bon īs bona bon ae bon am bon ā bon ae bon ārum bon īs bon ās bon īs bonum bonī bonō bonum bonō bona bonōrum bonīs bona bonīs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

1 st & 2 nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 1 st Decl. Fem. –a 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um latus, m. lata, f. latum, n. latus lat ī lat ō lat um lat ō lat ī lat ōrum lat īs lat ōs lat īs lata lat ae lat am lat ā lat ae lat ārum lat īs lat ās lat īs latum latī latō latum latō lata latōrum latīs lata latīs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 16 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) vexillum, vexillī, neuter Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative singular vexillum vexill ī vexill ō vexillum vexill ō plural vexill a vexill ōrum vexill īs vexill a vexill īs 1. write down the nominative singular x 2 2. write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. add endings

Lively. Latin : Lesson 16 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) cantō, cantāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P cantābo cantābis cantābit cantābimus cantābitis cantābunt I shall sing you will sing he/she/it will sing we shall sing you all will sing they will sing 1. Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc. )

Lively. Latin : Lesson 16 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present Tense) iuvō, iuvāre Person & Number 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 P 2 P 3 P iuvō iuvās iuvat iuvāmus iuvātis iuvant I help you help he/she/it help we help you all help they help 1. write down the first principal part 2. write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. add endings