The Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum

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The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

What was it like during the last glacial max? • About 21 K yrs

What was it like during the last glacial max? • About 21 K yrs ago ice sheets were at a max and CO 2 was at a min. • The ice volume was the product of successive 41 K cycles that added ice volume until we maxed out. • Oddly the insolation then was about what it is now…. • Why the difference in climate? – Ice Volume – CO 2

The effect of ice sheets • The ice sheets are bigger…. . • The

The effect of ice sheets • The ice sheets are bigger…. . • The fundamental characteristic of ice…. . it’s cold (duh…) – Ice will cool the surround air and water – Lots of ice will cool a lot…. • Ice sheets are huge…. 24 km in height. – They act as mountain ranges to deflect weather patterns – They are bright…. and will reflect much more sunlight back into space

So how are things different with ice sheets? • North Atlantic ocean temps are

So how are things different with ice sheets? • North Atlantic ocean temps are much colder • Air temps are also much colder • Since you get less evaporation from cold water into cold air, Northern Europe is dryer

The Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum

The northern hemisphere climate was icedriven • Large ice volumes hammered sea-surface temps •

The northern hemisphere climate was icedriven • Large ice volumes hammered sea-surface temps • Water temps in the north atlantic (not exactly balmy now) were about 10 C colder • Downstream the climate was much colder and drier. • Europe was mostly devoid of trees, mostly tundra grasses

There were some other interesting climate changes • We see climate shifts at the

There were some other interesting climate changes • We see climate shifts at the equator • Generally…high ice volumes result in more grassland – Probably drier….

Even farther south • We see the same strong response to the ice volume

Even farther south • We see the same strong response to the ice volume signal in New Zealand • Probably what is happening is we are seeing a global response to a global change…. • CO 2 is dropping as ice volume rises

It was dry. . . m

It was dry. . . m

It was dusty • Loess is glacial-derived fine silt…. glaciers grind rock into fine

It was dusty • Loess is glacial-derived fine silt…. glaciers grind rock into fine powder. • This is what washes out from melting glaciers. • And it is very windy around glaciers. • Glacial age layers show about 10 times as much dust as now!

Loess in China

Loess in China

Thick Loess in Nebraska, note the road for scale

Thick Loess in Nebraska, note the road for scale

Loess was widespread on the glacial margins

Loess was widespread on the glacial margins

What was the vegetation like? • Pollen is a great paleoclimate marker • We

What was the vegetation like? • Pollen is a great paleoclimate marker • We know what conditions species like…. • AND we can use 14 C to date the pollen • So we can track the changes in rainfall and temperature during the last ice age.

What was the vegetation like?

What was the vegetation like?

What was the climate like ?

What was the climate like ?

Much colder North Atlantic

Much colder North Atlantic

Much wetter Southwest

Much wetter Southwest

 • Even in the tropics there was some cooling due to reduced CO

• Even in the tropics there was some cooling due to reduced CO 2 • However, the cooling was probably not as much as suggested by the drop in treelines • Effect of changes in moisture, sea level, and even the effect of lower CO 2 on planet growth

Muir Glacier 1941 Muir Glacier 2004

Muir Glacier 1941 Muir Glacier 2004

Ice Cores • 18 O record

Ice Cores • 18 O record

Ice Core Layering 19 cm • This shows 11 annual layers • Summer layers

Ice Core Layering 19 cm • This shows 11 annual layers • Summer layers are lighter, winter darker • Note the bubbles…. .

These bubbles do trap the current atmosphere 36 Cl from 1960 s nuclear bombs

These bubbles do trap the current atmosphere 36 Cl from 1960 s nuclear bombs in US glacier ice

Sealing takes time… • Depends on accumulation rate… • Fast accumulation and the bubbles

Sealing takes time… • Depends on accumulation rate… • Fast accumulation and the bubbles get sealed off in a few 10 s of years • Slow accumulation and it could take 100’s of years • This has been checked with CFC’s and radioactives

Muir Glacier 1941 Muir Glacier 2004

Muir Glacier 1941 Muir Glacier 2004

What do the bubbles tell us? • CO 2 and CH 4 march in

What do the bubbles tell us? • CO 2 and CH 4 march in lock step with ice volume. • During glacial max atmospheric CO 2 dropped to <200 ppm (it is now about 390) • That removes about 180 billion tons from the atmosphere…. Where did it go?

Where did it go…. ? • Vegetation? During glaciation we had less veg •

Where did it go…. ? • Vegetation? During glaciation we had less veg • Shallow Ocean? The shallow ocean actually lost CO 2 • Deep Ocean…. turns out there is a lot of evidence for this

The Carbon Pump • Critters in the surface waters take CO 2 and make

The Carbon Pump • Critters in the surface waters take CO 2 and make organic material thru photosynthesis • As they die, the organic tissue sinks to the deep ocean • As long as there have nutrients…. . they breed

 • Ocean productivity varies a lot

• Ocean productivity varies a lot

So what happens…. ? • What is needed is a mechanism to crank up

So what happens…. ? • What is needed is a mechanism to crank up ocean productivity • Remember, things are much dryer and dustier during glacial times • The dust provides iron fertilizer from glacial margins and simulates critters growth…. .

Methane • Methane from the ice cores shows an interesting pattern • Most methane

Methane • Methane from the ice cores shows an interesting pattern • Most methane is produced by decaying plant matter in wetlands (swamp gas) – Produced when oxygen is absent • Methane follows the insolation cycle very closely

Methane • What this is tracking is the monsoon cycle • The idea is

Methane • What this is tracking is the monsoon cycle • The idea is that higher summer insolation cranks up the monsoons • Stronger monsoons create more wetlands, which make more methane

What happens is … • There is a relationship between ice volume, insolation, and

What happens is … • There is a relationship between ice volume, insolation, and greenhouse gases

The 100 K cycle • We have been seeing steady climate cooling for millions

The 100 K cycle • We have been seeing steady climate cooling for millions of years as continents moved north and more CO 2 has been lost from the atmosphere • The gradual cooling eventually got to the point that the weakened insolation maxima was not able to melt all the northern ice (like now)

The 100 K cycle • Now only the strongest insolation peaks result in deglaciation

The 100 K cycle • Now only the strongest insolation peaks result in deglaciation • The threshold for deglaciation seems to be rising • The exact cause of the 100 K is probably the feedback of reduced CO 2, combined with the general cooling of continental movement

The 100 K cycle • What is happening is that the insolation cycles are

The 100 K cycle • What is happening is that the insolation cycles are now mostly too weak to melt all the ice that grows during the 41 K cycles. • The last three 41 K cycles combined to produce steadily increasing ice volumes since the subsequent insolation max (until the one we are in) were too weak to do significant melting. • It was only when we had a strong insolation max and a strong increase in CO 2 and methane that we got rapid deglaciation