The Language Of Medicine th 9 edition DaviEllen

The Language Of Medicine th 9 edition Davi-Ellen Chabner Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Chapter 10 Nervous System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Chapter Goals Name, locate, and describe major organs of the nervous system and their functions. Learn nervous system combining forms and use them with suffixes and prefixes. Define pathological conditions affecting the nervous system. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Chapter Goals (cont’d) Describe laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Chapter 10 Lesson 10. 1 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Introduction Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells Voluntary and involuntary functions Carries electrical messages External and internal receptors Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Introduction (cont’d) Nerve cells: Microscopic Collected into macroscopic nerves Carry electrical messages all over the body Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

General Structure of the Nervous System Two major divisions: Central nervous system—CNS Brain Ø Spinal cord Ø Peripheral nervous system—PNS cranial nerves Ø spinal nerves Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d) Cranial and spinal nerves Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain. Ø Motor nerves carry messages from the brain. Ø Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers. Ø Sensory receptors Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d) Autonomic nervous system: Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs. Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress. Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system. Slow heart rate Ø Lower blood pressure Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia Neuron = individual nerve cell Dendrite Cell nucleus Axon Myelin sheath Ø Neurilemma Ø Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters) Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse Ganglia = small clusters of nerve cell bodies Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d) Label the parts of a neuron, and review the path of a nervous impulse. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d) The image shows the parts of a neuron. Review the path of a nervous impulse. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d) Glia cells: Maintain health of nervous system Do not transmit impulses Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d) Three types: Astrocytes (astroglial cells) Microglia (microglial cells) Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Chapter 10 Lesson 10. 2 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

The Brain Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

The Brain (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

The Brain (cont’d) Cerebrum Is the largest section of brain Ø Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex Ø Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

The Brain (cont’d) Cerebellum Coordinates voluntary movements Ø Maintains balance Ø Thalamus Ø Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

The Brain (cont’d) Hypothalamus Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions Ø Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland Ø Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

The Brain (cont’d) The Brainstem Pons Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain Ø Houses nerves for face and eyes Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

The Brain (cont’d) The Brainstem Medulla oblongata Connects spinal cord to brain Ø Nerve tracts from side to side Ø Regulates: • Blood vessels • Heart • Respiratory system Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

The Spinal Cord and Meninges Spinal cord Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d) Meninges Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d) Meninges Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27

Vocabulary acetylcholine afferent nerve arachnoid membrane astrocyte autonomic nervous system Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

Vocabulary (cont’d) axon blood-brain barrier brainstem cauda equina cell body Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29

Vocabulary (cont’d) central nervous system cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cerebrum Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30

Vocabulary (cont’d) dendrite dura mater ependymal cell efferent nerve ganglion/ganglial cell or neuroglial cell gyrus Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31

Vocabulary (cont’d) hypothalamus medulla oblongata meninges microglial cell motor nerve myelin sheath Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32

Vocabulary (cont’d) nerve neuron neurotransmitter oligodendroglial cell parasympathetic nerves parenchyma peripheral nervous system Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33

Vocabulary (cont’d) pia mater plexus pons receptor sciatic nerve sensory nerve spinal nerves Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34

Vocabulary (cont’d) stimulus/stimuli stroma sulcus sympathetic nerves synapse thalamus vagus nerve ventricles of the brain Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35

QUICK QUIZ: 1. A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum A. B. C. D. microglial gyrus parenchyma stroma Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges A. B. C. D. pia mater dura mater parenchyma stroma Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37

Terminology ORGANS AND STRUCTURES Combining Form. Meaning cerebell/o cerebr/o dur/o encephal/o gli/o cerebellum cerebrum dura mater brain glial cells Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38

Terminology (cont’d) ORGANS AND STRUCTURES Combining Form lept/o mening/o, meningi/o myel/o neur/o Meaning thin, slender membranes, meninges muscle spinal cord nerve Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39

Terminology (cont’d) ORGANS AND STRUCTURES Combining Form. Meaning pont/o radicul/o thalam/o thec/o vag/o pons nerve root thalamus sheath (refers to meninges) vagus nerve Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40

Terminology (cont’d) SYMPTOMS Combining Form Meaning alges/o, -algesia -algia caus/o comat/o esthesi/o, -esthesia kines/o, -kinesia excessive sensitivity to pain burning deep sleep feeling, nervous sensation movement Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41

Terminology (cont’d) SYMPTOMS Combining Form -kinesis, kinetic -lepsy lex/o -paresis -phasia Meaning movement seizure word, phrase slight paralysis speech Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42

Terminology (cont’d) SYMPTOMS Combining Form -plegia -praxia -sthenia syncop/o tax/o Meaning paralysis action strength cut off order, coordination Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means nerve pain? A. B. C. D. cephalgia analgesia hypalgesia neuralgia Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull? A. B. C. subdural epidural intracerebral Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45

Chapter 10 Lesson 10. 3 Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46

Pathology Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida cystica Ø Spina bifida occulta Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47

Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders Alzheimer disease (AD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Epilepsy Huntington disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Palsy Parkinson disease Tourette syndrome Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48

Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49

Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion: Temporary brain dysfunction after injury Ø Usually clears within 24 hours Ø Cerebral contusion: Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head Ø Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50

Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain Ø Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries Ø Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs Ø Migraine — severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51

Vascular Disorders (cont’d) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52

Clinical Procedures X-ray Tests Cerebral angiography Ø Computed tomography (CT) of the brain Ø Myelography Ø Other Procedures MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging Ø PET—Positron emission scan Ø EEG—Electroencephalography Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53

Abbreviations AD AFP ALS AVM CNS CT CSF CVA Alzheimer disease alpha-fetoprotein amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arteriovenous malformation central nervous system cerebrospinal fluid computed tomography cerebrovascular accident Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 54

Abbreviations (cont’d) EEG GABA ICP LP MAC MG MRA MRI electroencephalogram gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter) intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm. HG lumbar puncture monitored anesthetic care myasthenia gravis magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance imaging Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 55

Abbreviations (cont’d) 1/2 P PCA PNS PET Sz TBI TENS TIA TLE t. PA hemiparesis patient-controlled anesthesia peripheral nervous system positron emission tomography seizure traumatic brain injury transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation transient ischemic attack temporal lobe epilepsy tissue plasminogen activator Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 56

Practical Applications What symptoms signal nervous system problems? What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems? Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered? What are common pathologies of the nervous system? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 57

Review Sheet COMBINING FORMS Combining Form alges/o angi/o caus/o cephal/o cerebell/o cerebr/o Meaning ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 58

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form alges/o angi/o caus/o cephal/o cerebell/o cerebr/o Meaning sensitivity to pain vessel, blood burn, burning head cerebellum cerebrum Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 59

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form comat/o crani/o cry/o dur/o encephal/o esthesi/o Meaning ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 60

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form. Meaning comat/o crani/o cry/o dur/o encephal/o esthesi/o deep sleep skull cold dura mater brain nervous sensation Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 61

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form gli/o hydr/o kines/o lept/o lex/o mening/o, meningi/o my/o Meaning _________ _________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 62

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form gli/o hydr/o kines/o lept/o lex/o mening/o, meningi/o my/o Meaning glue water movement thin, slender word, phrase membranes, meninges muscle Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 63

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form myel/o narc/o neur/o olig/o pont/o radicul/o Meaning ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 64

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form myel/o narc/o neur/o olig/o pont/o radicul/o Meaning spinal cord sleep nerve scanty pons nerve root Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 65

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form spin/o syncop/o tax/o thalam/o thec/o troph/o vag/o Meaning ___________ ___________ Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 66

Review Sheet (cont’d) COMBINING FORMS Combining Form spin/o syncop/o tax/o thalam/o thec/o troph/o vag/o Meaning spine cut off order thalamus sheath (refers to meninges) nourishment vagus nerve Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 67