The Language Of Medicine th 8 edition DaviEllen

Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of

Chapter Learning Objectives Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language

Chapter 1 Lesson 1. 1 Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of

OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.

QUICK QUIZ: 1. All medical terms have: A. B. C. D. A Combining Vowel

QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A.

Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY root suffix combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of

Word Analysis Important elements: Root: foundation of the term Ø Suffix: word ending Ø

Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM root suffix combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram

Word Analysis GASTR/ITIS Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis GASTR/ITIS root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining

Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY root suffix combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy

Word Analysis (cont’d. ) THREE General Rules: Read the meaning of medical terms from

Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC prefix root suffix sub- means gastr means -ic means under stomach

Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC prefix epigastr -ic root suffix means above means stomach means pertaining

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning aden/o _____ arthr/o _____ bi/o _____ carcin/o _____ cardi/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? A. arthritis B. adentitis

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cephal/o _____ cerebr/o _____ cis/o _____ crin/o _____ cyst/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut crin/o to

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cyt/o _____ derm/o or dermat/o _____ electr/o _____ encephal/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o

QUICK QUIZ: 4. Term that means study of cells: A. cystoscopy B. cystitis C.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning erythr/o _____ gastr/o _____ gn/o _____ gynec/o _____ hemat/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning hepat/o _____ iatr/o _____ leuk/o _____ nephr/o _____ neur/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white nephr/o kidney

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning onc/o _____ ophthalm/o _____ oste/o _____ path/o _____ ped/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease ped/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning psych/o _____ radi/o _____ ren/o _____ rhin/o _____ sarc/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning sect/o _____ thromb/o _____ ur/o _____ Copyright © 2008,

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract,

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -ac _________ -algia _____ -cyte _____ -ectomy _____ Copyright ©

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -ac pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell -ectomy excision, removal

QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? A. -ectomy B.

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -emia _____ -genic _____ -globin _____ -gram _____ -ic, ical

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in -globin protein

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -ion _____ -ist _____ -itis _____ -logy _____ -oma _____

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -opsy _____ -osis _____ -pathy _____ -scope _____ -scopy _____

SUFFIXES Combining Form. Meaning -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -sis _____ -tomy _____ -y _____ Copyright © 2008, 2005

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting -y process,

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning a-, an- _____ aut-, auto _____ dia- _____ end-, endo-

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto self, own dia-

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning exo- _____ hyper- _____ hypo- _____ in- _____ peri- _____

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more hypo- deficient,

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning re- _____ retro- _____ sub- _____ trans- _____ Copyright ©

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under trans-

Pronunciation of Terms When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For

Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d. ) Examples: adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs biology bī-OL-ō-jē cephalic se-FĂL-ik iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik

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Chapter Learning Objectives Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language Divide medical words into their component parts. Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language. Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. B. C. D. Suffix Prefix Combining Vowel Combining Form Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis Important elements: Root: foundation of the term Ø Suffix: word ending Ø Prefix: word beginning Ø Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation Ø Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel Ø Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM root suffix combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis GASTR/ITIS root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”) Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY root suffix combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis (cont’d. ) THREE General Rules: Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology 1. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cardi/o heart Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut crin/o to secrete cyst/o urinary bladder Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cyt/o _____ derm/o or dermat/o _____ electr/o _____ encephal/o _____ enter/o _____ Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/o blood Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS Combining Form Meaning hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in -globin protein -gram record -ic, ical pertaining to Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES Combining Form Meaning -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study -oma tumor, mass, swelling Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES Combining Form. Meaning -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visually examining (with an endoscope) Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto self, own dia- through, complete end-, endo- within epi- above, upon ex- out Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES Combining Form Meaning exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more hypo- deficient, below, under, less in- into, in peri- surrounding, around pro- before, forward Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciation of Terms When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in āpe ō as in ōpen When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ăpple ŏ as in pŏt Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d. ) Examples: adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs biology bī-OL-ō-jē cephalic se-FĂL-ik iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik resection rē-SEK-shŭn Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.