The Kingdoms of Life 18 5 Five Kingdoms

The Kingdoms of Life 18. 5 Five Kingdoms (cont. ) • In grouping species by kingdom, biologists consider several key questions: – – – Is the organism a prokaryote or a eukaryote? Is it an autotroph or a heterotroph? Does the organism develop from an embryo? Is it unicellular or multicellular? What is its general structure and function?

The Kingdoms of Life 18. 5 Five Kingdoms (cont. ) • The kingdom Fungi includes heterotrophs that absorb small molecules from their surroundings through their outer walls. Most fungi are multicellular, have cell walls composed of a tough carbohydrate called chitin, reproduce by forming spores, and are decomposers. Fungi include yeasts, molds, bracket fungi, and mushrooms.

Fungi Structure A rapid growing filament A network of hyphae

Types of Fungus There are four phyla in the fungus kingdom. 1. Zygomycota 2. Ascomycota 3. Basidiomycota 4. Deuteromycota http: //www. doctorfungus. org/

Zygomycota Includes bread mold. Most live in the soil and feed on dead animals and plants. Some are parasitic of plants or insects

Ascomycota Includes yeasts, the powdery mildews, black and blue-green molds, Over 50, 000 species of this type

Basidiomycota Blackberry rust infecting the plant Includes mushrooms, puffballs, pore fungi, and the fungi that cause smut and rust in plants.

Deuteromycota “Loner group” Miscellaneous Fungi Athletes foot fungus Example of Ringworm Called Fungi Imperfecti (known to create Roquefort and Camembert Cheeses) Other Deuteromycota include… Athletes foot Ringworm

The Kingdoms of Life 18. 5 Five Kingdoms (cont. ) • The kingdom Plantae contains photoautotrophic multicellular eukaryotes that develop from embryos. Mosses, ferns, conifers(gymnosperms), and flowering plants (angiosperms) all belong to this kingdom. Members of the kingdom Plantae: (a) a moss, genus Polytrichium (b) a fern, Cystopteris fragills (c) Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesli (d) sand lily, Leucocrinum montanum

Plant Reproduction • Pollen grain is a two-celled structure that contains a cell that will divide to form sperm. • Pollen is carried by wind animals to female reproductive structures. • A seed is a storage device for a plant embryo. Hard coat protects it from drying out. • In the right conditions a seed develops into an adult plant.

Moss Classification of Plants emerald green, do not produce seeds, no vascular system, grow close to ground or on tree trunks and absorbs water nutrients directly Ferns are modern seedless plants, depend on water for reproduction, vascular system allows the plants to grow above ground and get materials from the soil.

Seed Plants (cone-bearing plants and flowering plants) gymnosperm • Can reproduce without freestanding water • Seeds nourish and protect plant embryos • Seeds allow plants to disperse to new places Gymnosperm: seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed in fruit. angiosperm Angiosperm: seed plant that has seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.

Seeds and Fruit When a seed develops, the surrounding ovary grows into a fruit. A fruit is a mature ovary of a flowering plant. Apples, watermelons, cherries, sweet peppers, tomatoes, and cucumbers are fruit. Flowering plants that produce many seeds within one ovary have larger fruit. Example:

Three Types of Lifespans Annual: Flowering plants that mature from seeds, produce flowers, and die in one year. Biennial: Flowering plants that take two years to complete their life cycle. Perennial: Any plant that lives more than two years. Most woody plants are perennials.