The Karankawa The Gulf Coastal Plains Location Settlements

The Karankawa The Gulf Coastal Plains

Location Settlements near present-day Galveston south to Corpus Christi Bay nomads Fall/Winter- near Gulf Coast Spring/Summer-near rivers and springs on the coastal prairie

Shelter Portable wigwams (circular huts) Made from bent poles Covered with animal skin Floors were covered with reed mats Could house 7 -8 people

Food Hunters and gatherers Hunters Men Wooden bows and arrows to hunt/fish Fish traps Dugout canoes Gatherers Women Collected plants, birds’ eggs, shellfish Rumored to be cannibals- not true Not for food but for “magic power”

Clothing Men Some wore nothing Deer skin around the waist Women Skirts of deer skin or grass Men and women painted themselves with bright colors Used alligator fat and dirt to repel the insects

Culture Unusually tall Skeleton found of person 6 feet Kept dogs similar to coyotes or fox Name believed to mean dog-lovers Treated children with kindness Given 2 names One was secret which only family members knew Secret name was thought to carry magic and protection from danger

Contact with Europeans 1500 s- Cabeza de Vaca Feared by Europeans who wanted their land Diseases killed many Fought with other groups Vanished by the mid-1800 s

The Caddo The Gulf Coastal Plains

Caddo Gulf Coastal Plains Lived in East Texas in the Piney Woods TEXAS!!! Yup, Texas is a Caddoan word. It means "those who are friends". The Tejas Caddo tribes were all "friends".

Shelter Built two types of home First was winter home the one to the left. Had beds & chairs inside. Second home had no walls but raised off floor to allow cool air in the humid summers.

Food Hunted in the woods around them Deer, turkey , & other small animals Were farmers Corn, beans, & squash

Culture Were a matrilineal society. Families were traced through the mother. The older woman in the house made the important decisions. Made beautiful pottery. Pottery was rodent proof.

Comanche Great & Central Plains

Location Moved to Texas in 1700 s after acquiring horses Drove out other tribes for the land Jumanos, Apache

Shelter Teepees Nomadic- covered hundreds of miles a year Items were lightweight and sturdy(leather and woven basket) -Little pottery Women would pack up

Food Buffalo Hunters-gatherers Men-hunted Women- gathered plants On a daily basis women gathered most of the foods.

Clothing Well dressed Leaders wore European clothing with many silver conchos Leather boots

Culture Lived in bands headed by a peace chief (older man) When at war one temporary chief and War chief- best rider and fighter Skilled buffalo hunters Made them wealthy Traded for goods Skilled fighters Controlled most of the plains

Horses 1680 - from Spanish and Pueblo Indians Called “finest light cavalry in the world” Expert riders and fighters Used horses to have advantage in fights

Contact with Europeans Traded with Spanish Came to trade in organized groups One Comanche who could speak Spanish, French and 4 or 5 languages One Comanche who was skilled trader and diplomat Most of what they sold they had stolen Horses Kidnapped people whose family would come to buy them back (ransom) This later would cause big problems with the American settlers Kept Spanish from moving north- Spanish could not defeat them

The Apache Great Plains

Location The Apaches migrated to Texas from way up in Canada. They arrived in the Texas panhandle region sometime around 1528.

Shelter Apaches were nomadic and lived almost completely off the buffalo. Several extended families generally stayed together and were led by their most prominent member, who acted as chief advisor and director of group affairs. A number of the groups lived in close proximity and could unite for defensive or offensive purposes, or for social or ceremonial occasions. The leader of the combined groups was the band leader. .

Food Hunted buffalo. They continued to establish rancherías, where they built huts and tended fields of maize, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. This attempt to improve their source of food was a major cause of their defeat by the Comanches

Horses The Apaches quickly adapted to their use of horses Hunters with horses could also follow herds for several days and travel long distances to find herds. All this means that hunting buffalo became an easier way to get food than hunting. So the Apache quit farming and became nomadic hunter gatherers.

Movement The Apache kept spreading farther south until they occupied the Texas Hill Country. This is where the second wave of Spanish explorers found them in the 1700 s. Around 1700 the Comanche came south along the same route the Apaches had followed years before. The Comanche were fierce warriors and chased everyone but the Kiowa out of the whole panhandle -south plains, region. The Apache were pushed south.

The Jumano Mountains and Basins

Location Along the Rio Grande

Shelter Permanent houses of adobe brick Dried clay Cool in summer 30 -40 people in house Flat roofs Painted black, red, white and yellow stripes on the inside wall Large villages

Food Grew corn and other crops near river River would overflow and water fields Gathered wild plants Hunted buffalo with bow and arrow

Clothing Animal hide Softened by beating with stones Moccasins Jewelry made from copper, coral and turquoise Hair Women- long and tied Men- short on sides, long in middle and curled with paint, decorated with feathers

Culture Tattooed and painted their faces Drought in 1500 s Crops died and buffalo moved Under constant attack by Apache Eventually joined other Native American groups

Contact with Europeans Traded with Spanish

The Wichita The Central Plains

Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834

Location Along the Red River Originally from Kansas/Oklahoma moved to Texas 1700 s Lived along creeks and rivers

Shelter Lived in permanent villages Round house Made with cedar poles Covered with dried grass Very durable Large Hole in center for smoke from fire

Food Hunters Grew beans, corn, melons, and squash Buffalo Raw Did NOT eat fish

Clothing Made from tanned hide Men Shirts, loin cloths, leggings, moccasins Women Dresses that covered chin to ankle decorated with elk teeth, moccasins

Culture Organized into 4 confederacies Waco, Taovaya, Tawakoni and the Wichita Tattooed their bodies Many and unusual designs Called selves Kitikiti’sh (raccoon eyes)

Contact with Europeans First with Coronado Traded tanned hide disease Later moved to reservation in Oklahoma

Tribe ATAKAPA Gulf Coastal Plains TONKAWA North. Central Plains Food Grew vegetables, most important corn Hunted wild game, buffalo, alligator, & seafood Location Galveston Island to Sabine River Housing Huts made of brush. Southeastern Buffalo, small edge of animals, Buffalo skin Edwards fruits & nuts Plateau Culture Other Info. Made pottery Men-breech & wove cloth baskets. Women. Tattooed skirts face & body Painted bodies; driven out by Apache surviving joined other tribes Clothesbuffalo skin Men hair long & parted in middle Women long

Coahuiltecan Gulf Coastal Plains Made up of many tribes from South Texas to N. E. Mexico In Texas from San Antonio to Corpus Christi

Shelter They lived in camps with large wickiups.

Food Hunters-Buffalo and other animals Gatherers- wild plants & fruits

Culture At times groups would gather for all night festivities called mitotes. Their way of living changed much when they had contact with the Spaniards. Once they had contact became very primitive & lived in deplorable conditions.

Other Info. They would travel long distances to trade fair camps in central Texas near modern San Marcos, Austin, La Grange and Victoria The trails they used to get to New Braunfels and San Marcos later became the Camino Real road, the oldest road in Texas. Were probably also in contact with the Aztec before destroyed by Spanish.

Other Info. One of the few Native American tribes that survived the Europeans that came. The Caddo formed confederations to protect and defend themselves from other tribes

Good site to visit & where I got some of my information http: //www. texasbeyondhistory. net/teach/guide. html http: //www. texasindians. com/

Questions to Think About? What similarities do you notice about the tribes from the same region? Gulf Coastal Plains: All tribes were setup by a body of water & did some hunting as a source of food. Central & Great Plains: hunted buffalo as a source of food. Their shelter was mainly a tepee. Mountains & Basins: made a more permanent form of housing & hunted for their food. Were the first to ride horses. What differences do you notice about the tribes from the same region? Gulf Coastal Plains: Caddo were the only ones to use farming as a primary source of food. Central & Great Plains: Wichita had most permanent type of home. Mountains & Basins: Not many tribes here but Jumano stayed here in permanent homes.

Continued Compare and contrast the following Native American from the different regions. Comanche Jumano Caddo Skilled fighters best on horseback. Were very organized when it came to trading. Had the most permanent Only ones to use farming form of housing made as a primary source of out of adobe. food. All three tribes hunted to get some form of food. The Comanche & Caddo seemed to be very organized which led to success when it came to the explorers.

Continued Compare and contrast the following Native American from the different regions. Coahuiltecan Apache Caddo Were actually many tribes band together. Attacked other tribes as a means to survival. Farmed to get most of their food. All of these tribes did some type of hunting and all had contact with the explorers.