The Interwar Years The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators

The Interwar Years & The Rise of Totalitarian Dictators Directions: 1. View this as a slideshow 2. As you view the slide show – take notes (like you would during lecture) 3. After taking the notes – complete the assignment given – turn that paper in

■ Text Important changes took place in the 20 years between the two world wars (1919 -1939)

What was Europe like after World War I ?

Russia was destroyed after Many European nations were Title WWI & a&three-year civil destroyed bankrupted bywar years that ledalong to communism & the of fighting the Western Front ■ Text formation of the Soviet Union Italians were angry when they did not receive land along the Adriatic Coast Important changes took place in the 20 The harshness of years the Treaty of In. Versailles Europe, the war led created bitterness who of bitterness & between the two in Germany to a sense to pay reparations worldwere warsunable (1919 -1939) pessimism among nations

The horrors of World War I changed people’s attitudes about progress After the war, people started questioning traditional beliefs What were some new ideas in the post-war era?

Austrian-born Sigmund Freud revolutionized psychology; He believed the mind has conscious & subconscious thoughts that affect peoples’ behavior

German-born Albert Einstein revolutionized physics; His theories on light, relativity, & energy disproved many of Isaac Newton’s discoveries from the 1600 s

New abstract art like Pablo Picasso’s cubism (using geometric shapes) & Salvador Dali’s surrealism (dream-like art) reacted against tradition art forms

What was America like after World War I ?

The USA was the wealthiest Japan gained wealth nation in the world & a by selling supplies to major world power that the Allies & increased created (but never joined) its position as the League of Nations strongest nation in Asia While European nations struggled to rebuild & pay for the war, some world nations benefited from WWI

After WWI, the Mass production in factories United States entered led to new consumer goods the Roaring Twenties & high wages for workers Automobiles became inexpensive & popular…

Electric appliances & radios were popular… …Americans enjoyed themselves at movies, sporting events, & jazz clubs

The USA used its wealth to help European nations repay their debts & rebuild after the war

What changed in America in the 1930 s?

The Roaring Twenties came to an end in 1929 when the stock market crash, bank failures, & high unemployment led to a Great Depression

The depression in America triggered world-wide The depression led to a sharp arise depressionininunemployment the 1930 s when trade in international Europe declined & U. S. investment in Europe ended

Why did powerful dictators come to power in Europe in the 1920 s & 1930 s?

In Germany, the situation grew desperate by the 1930 s & the Weimar gov’t became more unpopular The Weimar republic was already unpopular because gov’t leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles Like Germany, Italians felt betrayed by the treaty, had a suffering economy, & saw its unemployment rise To Unemployment pay war reparations in & rebuild the country, the Germany gov’t printed reached money 30%which led to hyper-inflation

Due to the economic depression, bitterness, & desperation, powerful dictators will seize power in Germany & Italy These dictators played an important role in causing World War II

After WWI, many A global depression in the 1930 s nations were led to high unemployment & struggling to rebuild a sense of desperation in Europe The Treaty of Versailles created bitterness among many nations

In this climate of postwar uncertainty, nationalism increased & citizens turned to totalitarian dictators to rule the nation

Totalitarian leaders are dictators who control all aspects of the government & the lives of the citizens Totalitarian leaders gained support by promising jobs, promoting nationalism, & using propaganda Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties, & eliminating opposing rivals or political parties

Among the first totalitarian dictators was Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union Stalin was Communist & seized all property, farms, factories in order to control the economy & create equality He used a secret police & the Great Purge to eliminate rivals

Stalin’s Five Year Plans & collective farms improved the Soviet Union’s industrial & agricultural output

Not all totalitarian In Italy, Germany, & Spain, dictators were people turned to an extremely Communists nationalist gov’t called fascism Fascist gov’ts were controlled by dictators who demanded loyalty from citizens Fascists did not offer democracy & used one-party to rule the nation Unlike Communists, fascists believed people could keep their property

Mussolini & Hitler believed in fascism: the idea that Stalin was a Communist believed that the Totalitarian Regimes in Europe & Asia nations need strong dictators, total authority by one government should control property business party, but that people can all keep private&property

In Italy, Mussolini gained popularity by Benito Mussolini promising to revive the economy, formed the rebuild the military, & expand Italy Fascist Party to create a new Roman Empire Mussolini named his Fascist Party after the fasces, a Roman symbol of authority & power

Mussolini created the Blackshirts (a secret police force) to enforce the goals of his Fascist Party

By 1922, Mussolini was popular enough to lead a “March on Rome” & forced the Italian king to name him prime minister

As prime minister, Benito Mussolini was known as “Il Duce” (the chief) Mussolini ended democracy & all opposition parties Mussolini built up the military to create new jobs He planned to conquer new territories in Africa for Italy

The Nazis were a fascist Adolf Hitler was group in Germany that an early Nazi recruit wanted to overthrow the & quickly rose to disloyal Weimar Republic power in the party The Nazis created their own militia called the Brown Shirts Hitler planned a march on Munich but he was arrested & jailed for 9 months Hitler was impressed by Mussolini & used many of his ideas to make the Nazi Party strong in Germany

While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf which outlined his plans for Germany He wrote that Germans were members of a master race called Aryans & all non. Aryans were inferior He declared that Germans needed lebensraum (living space) & should conquer Eastern Europe & Russia He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage & vowed to regain land taken from Germany after the war

When Hitler was released from jail in 1924, he spent years organizing the Nazis into Germany’s most powerful political party In 1933, Hitler was named chancellor (prime minister) of Germany As chancellor, Hitler used his power to name himself dictator He called his gov’t the Third Reich to promote pride & nationalism

Hitler put Germans to work by building factories, highways, weapons, & increasing the military He created the gov’t protection squad called the SS and a secret police called the Gestapo to eliminate rivals & control all aspects of Germany

In 1935, Hitler began a series of anti-Semitic laws called the Nuremburg Laws that deprived German Jews of the rights of citizens, forbade mixed Jewish marriages, & required Jews to wear a yellow star In 1938, Hitler ordered Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), a series of attacks on Jewish synagogues & businesses

After WWI, Japan was the strongest nation in Asia & was ready to conquer new lands to provide resources for Japanese industry Emperor Hirohito, gave full control of the Japanese military to Hideki Tojo who served as a military dictator

In the 1930 s, Japan, Italy, & Germany began aggressively expanding into new territories… these actions caused World War II in 1939 Italy invaded Japan invaded Manchuria, Ethiopia & Albania northern China; invaded Indochina & the East Indies

Germany annexed Austria & Czechoslovakia

Continued Acts of Aggression • As these totalitarian dictators continued to annex and invade land – other European nations (most notably Britain) practiced APPEASEMENT • Eventually – the invasion of Poland leads to the rest of Europe declaring war.