The Interwar Period 1917 1939 Interwar Period l

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The Interwar Period 1917 -1939

The Interwar Period 1917 -1939

Interwar Period l 1917 -1939 l The Years between WWI and WWII l Characterized

Interwar Period l 1917 -1939 l The Years between WWI and WWII l Characterized by political, and economic instability rise of dictators

Europe in the Interwar Period l Communism in the USSR l Fascism in Italy

Europe in the Interwar Period l Communism in the USSR l Fascism in Italy l Nazism in Germany

Communism in the USSR Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917 new gov’t l Lenin signs Treaty

Communism in the USSR Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917 new gov’t l Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ends Russian involvement in WWI l Lenin introduces New Economic Policy: Blends Communism with limited Capitalism l Lenin dies, Stalin Rules as Dictator l

Stalin’s Five Year Plans l Introduces Five Years Plans to industrialize Russian economy and

Stalin’s Five Year Plans l Introduces Five Years Plans to industrialize Russian economy and increase agricultural output l Industrialization increases l Collectivization leads to protests, famine and widespread deaths (4 -6 million died)

Stalin’s Totalitarian Methods Campaign of Terror: The Great Purge l Propaganda: Socialist Realism Secret

Stalin’s Totalitarian Methods Campaign of Terror: The Great Purge l Propaganda: Socialist Realism Secret Police l Censorship l Closes Churches and replaces w/ Communist ideology l

Fascism in Italy l l l Right-wing radicalism: anti. Communist, anti-capitalist, antidemocratic. Hyper nationalism

Fascism in Italy l l l Right-wing radicalism: anti. Communist, anti-capitalist, antidemocratic. Hyper nationalism Mussolini uses political and social upheaval to gain control Great Depression dictatorial characteristics: secret police, censorship, state control of press, etc.

Nazism in Germany l l l Nazi and German Communist Party undermine Weimar Republic

Nazism in Germany l l l Nazi and German Communist Party undermine Weimar Republic Enabling Act (March 1933) gives Hitler total control Hitler rules as dictator: bans all other political parties, controls press, censorship, secret police, massive public works projects, Nuremberg Laws (1935)

Nationalism and Modernization in the Middle East l Turkey l Persia l Egypt, North

Nationalism and Modernization in the Middle East l Turkey l Persia l Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia

Turkey Modernizes l l l Mustafa Kemal Ataturk creates Turkish Republic (1923) Rules as

Turkey Modernizes l l l Mustafa Kemal Ataturk creates Turkish Republic (1923) Rules as dictator, acts like democratic ruler Modernizes Turkey: western industry, dress, education, roman alphabet, separates church and state

Persia Controlled by Russia (North) and Britain (South) prior to WWI l Qajar rulers

Persia Controlled by Russia (North) and Britain (South) prior to WWI l Qajar rulers had little real power l 1921 Reza Khan leads mutiny against Qajar Dynasty and expels British l 1925 takes name Reza Shah Palovi, new dynasty; renames Persia Iran l Westernization and rule similar to Turkey l

Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia l l Remain under control of British, French, and

Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia l l Remain under control of British, French, and Italians sue to gain League of Nations “Mandates” Blatant snub by Allied Powers Nationalist movements gain momentum Balfour Declaration of 1917 creates Israel, becomes a symbol for Arab Unity

Militarism and Revolution in Asia l China l Japan l India

Militarism and Revolution in Asia l China l Japan l India

China in the Interwar Period l Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yat-Sen out of the

China in the Interwar Period l Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yat-Sen out of the presidency; forms a military dictatorship that governs Beijing through the 1920 s l Conflict between conservatives and intellectuals who desire greater democratic freedoms

l l Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists Sun Yat-Sen dies.

l l Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party

Military takes over Japan l l At end of WWI, Japan growing into a

Military takes over Japan l l At end of WWI, Japan growing into a strong democracy Great Depression destroys economy Japan looks to China for wealth and begins conquest Rape of Nanjing is one of the worst atrocities in the pre-WWI world

India in the Interwar Period l l Gandhi and Nehru work for Indian independence

India in the Interwar Period l l Gandhi and Nehru work for Indian independence Gov’t of India Act of 1921: 5 million Indians to vote for parliament Salt March: Gandhi leads 50, 000 people to protest against British salt tax 1937 Quit India Campaign: to convince Britain to give up total control of India

Dictatorship in Latin America US’s role in Latin America l Mexico l Brazil l

Dictatorship in Latin America US’s role in Latin America l Mexico l Brazil l Argentina l

Economy helps Latin American Dictators Gain Power Major economic control l Good Neighbor Policy:

Economy helps Latin American Dictators Gain Power Major economic control l Good Neighbor Policy: Goal to pull US troops out of Latin America and ease tension l Great Depression destroys most Latin American economies l Dictators come to power in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil l

World War II The Road to War l Early Axis Victories (1939 -1942) l

World War II The Road to War l Early Axis Victories (1939 -1942) l Allied push leads to Victory l The Holocaust and other War Crimes l Creation of the United Nations l

The Road to War! l l l Aggressive actions by Italy, Germany, and Japan

The Road to War! l l l Aggressive actions by Italy, Germany, and Japan show the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations attempts appeasement to prevent war Hitler’s invasion of Poland Britain and France declare war on Germany

The Axis Triumphs(1939 -1941) l l Italy and Germany win many key battles 1941

The Axis Triumphs(1939 -1941) l l Italy and Germany win many key battles 1941 Lithuania, Albania, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and FRANCE fall to the Axis The Battle of Britain shows Britain will not be easily defeated Germany begins Operation Barbarosa

The Turning Points of the War Pearl Harbor brings US into WWII l Allied

The Turning Points of the War Pearl Harbor brings US into WWII l Allied Victories weaken Axis offensive in: l l Midway l El Alamein l Stalingrad D-Day June 1944 leads to V-E Day l US Drops A-bombs on Japan forcing V-J Day in 1945 l

Holocaust and Atrocities l Japanese War Crimes l Nazi l War Crimes Trials l

Holocaust and Atrocities l Japanese War Crimes l Nazi l War Crimes Trials l Creation of United Nations

Japanese War Crimes l Rape of Nanjing 1937: Hundreds of thousands butchered, raped and

Japanese War Crimes l Rape of Nanjing 1937: Hundreds of thousands butchered, raped and mutilated as Japan takes Nanjing l Bataan Death March l Prisoners of War tortured and used as test subjects

Nazi War Crimes Nuremberg Laws strip away basic rights from Germany’s Jewish population l

Nazi War Crimes Nuremberg Laws strip away basic rights from Germany’s Jewish population l Ghettoization l 12 Million killed l l 6 Million Jews l 6 Million non-Jews: Rom, Slavs, Homosexuals, Physically and Mentally Handicapped, Political Dissidents

War Crime Trials Leaders of the Japanese and Nazis were put on trail in

War Crime Trials Leaders of the Japanese and Nazis were put on trail in international tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo, Japan l Many important rulings made l l Soldiers “following orders” are responsible for atrocities they commit l Commanders are responsible for their subordinates l Manufacturers of Zyklon-B and death camp owners responsible for murders

United Nations Established Keep Peace l Protect Human Rights l l Universal Declaration of

United Nations Established Keep Peace l Protect Human Rights l l Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly