The Intertestamental Period From Babylon To The Birth

The Intertestamental Period: From Babylon To The Birth Of Christ The Time of Herod

Intertestamental Period Week Date Topic 1 01 Mar 17 Overview 2 08 Mar 17 Babylonian Period (605 -539 BC) 3 15 Mar 17 Persian Period (539 -332 BC) 4 22 Mar 17 Greek Period (332 -323 BC) 5 29 Mar 17 Ptolemaic (323 -198 BC) 6 05 Apr 17 Seleucid (198 -168 BC) 7 12 Apr 17 Maccabean Part 1 (168 -153 BC) 8 19 Apr 17 Maccabean Part 2 (153 -139 BC) 9 26 Apr 17 Independence (139 -63 BC) 10 03 May 17 Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC) 11 10 May 17 Herod (37 BC – 4 BC) 12 17 May 17 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD) 13 24 May 17 Review

Today’s Objectives • Review last week’s lesson – Four political groups – Julius Caesar, Antony and Octavius – Herod’s rise • Learn about the conflict between Octavian and Antony and its’ effect on Judea • Learn about Octavian as Caesar Augustus • Learn about the origins of the Herodian family • Learn about Herod’s rule – Efforts as king – Intervention with the birth of Christ – Death and division of the kingdom

Reference Material • KJV (w/ Apocrypha) – 1 st and 2 nd Maccabbees • • • Josephus – The Complete Works Herodotus – The History Intertestamental History – Mark Moore Ancient Rome – Simon Baker Harding University – BNEW 112 Course Notes – Dr. Thompson • Intertestamental Period – John Battle

Where we left off…. • Four main Jewish political groups: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots • Pompey intervenes in the Jewish Civil War and takes the land of the Jews • Rise and fall of Julius Caesar – Victory over Pompey – Political decrees which impact Judea – Caesar’s murder • Herod rises from governor of Galilee to a defeated leader living in Rome • Herod’s return to Judah • Antony and Octavius

Antipater II, Phasael and Herod • In gratitude, Caesar appointed Antipater II as the administrator of Judea (47 BC) – Under Cassius • Adds territories to Judea taken from Pompey • Antipater II appoints his two sons to posts – Phasael is made governor of Jerusalem – Herod is made governor of Galilee • After Caesar is murdered (44 BC), Cassius seizes control of Judea • Antipater II is murdered (43 BC) • Phasael and Harod become joint rulers of Judea (42 BC)

Marc Antony and Octavian • Octavian was Caesar’s nephew • Antony and Octavian defeat Cassius and Brutus in the battle of Philippi (42 BC) • Philippi becomes a Roman colony, making them Roman citizens (Acts 16: 12) • Phasael and Herod switch allegiance to Antony, who confirms their position • Parthians invade Palestine – 40 BC – Capture and imprison Hyrcanus II and Phasael – Herod escapes, eventually to Rome

Octavian fights Antony • Source of contention – Antony’s neglect for his wives including Octavian’s sister – Antony gave Cleopatra rule of conquered land – Octavian had taken power and territory of Lepidus (part of the Triumvirate) • Herod the Great aligned with Antony • Battle of Actium occurs – 31 BC – Octavian defeat Antony (who later kills himself) – Octavian awarded the title of Augustus – Recognized as the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire

Battle of Actium

Caesar Augustus • Herod promises his allegiance to Augustus • Augustus adds to Herod’s domain – Nearly doubles in size • Augustus reigns from 31 BC to 14 AD – Grand nephew of Julius Caesar – Dies at the age of 76 • Outlives Herod the Great by 10 years • Under Augustus’ rule – Orders a census of the Roman empire (Mic 5: 2) – Census caused the birth of Jesus Christ to be recorded in Bethlehem (Luke 2: 1 -7) – John the Baptist’s ministry

Herod Family • Originally Idumean, but claimed to be Jews (Ant 14. 15. 2) – Decedents of Esau (Gen 25) • By necessity, they align with Rome • Established the High Priests and deposed without regard to the Law • Antipater as the Patriarch

Israel and Judah • Around 800 BC • Multiple Kingdoms • Kingdom of Israel and Judah are divided • Edom is to the south of Judah • Petra is one of the major cities of Edom

Herod’s Rise • In Rome, Herod makes a favorable impression on Octavian and Antony • Senate appoints him “king of the Jews” – 40 BC (Josephus – 14. 1 -5, mainly 4) – Added parts of Samaria and Idumea to his kingdom – Only “theoretical” at this time because it was controlled by the Parthians • Herod then sets out to retake his kingdom – Jerusalem falls in 37 BC – Gained favor with Cassius, Syrian Proconsul

Herod The Great • Ruled from 37 BC to 4 AD • Personality – Describes as cruel and vicious – Jealous man, sought to kill rivals to his throne – Herod had Hyrcanus killed • Construction projects • Provided Jews a measure of their wants – Peace and protection – Lower taxes and greater public service – Freedom from Gentile corruption of religion

Rebuilding of the Temple • Started in 19 -20 BC – Read John 2: 12 -22 – Was still being built during the time of Jesus – According to Josephus, it wasn’t completed until 65 AD – Eventually destroyed by the Romans in 70 AD • Rebuilt the temple at Samaria at the same time • Provided for pagan worship as well in various locations

Herod’s Temple

Herod and Christ • Herod hears early reports of the birth of the “king of the Jews” (Read Matt 2) • Tries to have the infant Jesus killed • Joseph, Mary, and Jesus escape – To Egypt – Why Egypt? – Large Jewish population at the time, remember • Herod becomes furious – Has all the infants in Bethlehem killed • Joseph, Mary, and Jesus return after Herod dies, would have been around 4 BC

Herod’s Death • Herod grows more suspicious and cruel • Had lost the confidence and favor of the Romans – Order a tax registration in 8 BC • Contracts a disease, possibly a cancer – Herod orders key Jewish leaders to be jailed – Orders their execution when he dies – Order not carried out • Herod’s kingdom is divided – Three younger sons inherit the kingdom

Division of the Herod’s Kingdom • Archelaus – 4 BC – 6 AD – Became ruler of the Jews – Territory included Judea, Idumea, and Samaria • Herod Antipas – 4 BC – 39 AD – Became a subordinate rule below the rank of a king, most often mentioned in the NT – Territory included Galilee and Perea • Philip the Tetrarch – 4 BC – 34 AD – Northeast of Galillee, Iturea, Trachonitis

Division of Herod’s Kingdom LG – Archelaus P – Antipas O – Phillip GR – Salome DG – Roman Province Y – Autonomous cities

Review • Reviewed last week’s lesson – Four political groups – Julius Caesar, Antony and Octavius – Herod’s rise • Learned about the conflict between Octavian and Antony and its’ effect on Judea • Learned about Octavian as Caesar Augustus • Learned about the origins of the Herodian family • Learned about Herod’s rule – Efforts as king – Intervention with the birth of Christ – Death and division of the kingdom