The Internet of Things What if objects talked

“The Internet of Things – What if objects talked to each other ? ” Sensorcomm 2008 France – August 2008 JP Vasseur - Cisco Distinguished Engineer jpv@cisco. com JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

1 year after SENSORCOMM 2007 … § Sensorcomm 2007 “Why IP for Sensor networks ? ” § We are now seeing major and fast progress on many fronts: • “Why IP for Sensor Networks ? ” => “The Internet of things” • New applications are emerging very quickly (e. g. Smart Grid) • IP has proven to be light enough to run on highly constrained devices, • Emergence of new LP L 1/L 2 technologies (LP Wifi, LP Bluetooth, PLC, …) advocating for an IP layered architecture, • Quick progress on the standardization front (IETF, ISA) • Formation of a new industrial alliance (IPSO) § On the dark side … • We do see proposals for protocol translation gateway (as planned !) • Research may want to have more papers on architectural issues JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

So far … WAS (Wait And See) - The current Trend (IETF – 2007) Honeywell Wireless HART True. Mesh Znet ISA SP 100. 11 a Internet Mint. Route Smart mesh Xmesh Multi. Hop LQI CENS Route Tiny. AODV L 2 N Most promoters of non-IP solutions have understood that IP was a MUST: they call this “IP convergence”: A protocol translation gateway ! Or Tunneling … JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

New applications pretty much every day … but … § The number of proprietary solutions has literally exploded: Zigbee, Z-Wave, Xmesh, Smart. Mesh/TSMP, … at many layers (physical, MAC, L 3) and most chip More and more key players agree that IP offers vendor claim to be compatible with their own standard flexibility (layered architecture), interoperability, performances and a wide set of proven tools and § Many non-interoperable “solutions” addressing specific protocols: the standard of choice for the Internet problems (“My application is specific” syndrome) of Things ! • Different Architectures, • Different Protocols => Deployments are limited in scope and scale, JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

The number of applications for Sensor Networks is endless Energy Saving (I 2 E) Predictive maintenance Intelligent Building Agricultural High-Confidence Transport and assets tracking Industrial Automation JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France Defense Improve Productivit New Knowledge Smart Cities Healthcare © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Healt h Smart Grid Smart Home 5

Some applications have their own set of standards § Building Automation: BACNet (ASHRAE/ANSI): defines services (who is, I am, Who has, I have used for device and object discovery). Services such as Read-Property and Write-Property are used for data sharing. Devices acting on objects (Analog Input, Analog Output, Analog Value, Binary Input, Binary Output, Binary Value, Multi-State Input, Multi-State Output, Calendar, Event-Enrollment, File, Notification-Class, Group, Loop, Program, Schedule, Command, and Device. ). Support a number of L 1/L 2 layers, including ARCNET, Ethernet, BACNET/IP, P 2 P/RS 232/Master-Slave Token Ring over RS-485 and Lonwork. • • There is an over IP solution but IP is used as a layer 2 … Required BACNet routing. • We’re working with several key players to redefine BACNet 2 in a more IP friendly way. Lon. Works (ANSI/CEA-709. 1 -B): on twisted pair 78 KB/s, power line (3. 6 and 5. 4 KB/s), FO, Infrared – Peer to Peer protocol for control command – 7 layer protocol stack. • JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Sensor Networks - Usually a constrained environment requiring adaptation • Energy consumption is a major issue (for non powered sensors/controllers), • Limited processing power (CPU, memory) (improved Hardware) • Prone to failures => very dynamic topologies, • When mobile => increase the dynamic nature of topology, • Data processing may be required on the node itself, • Sometimes deployed in harsh environments, • Potentially deployed at very large scale, • Must be self-managed (auto-discovery, self-organizing networks) JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Can we make The Internet of Things a reality? YES ! With moderate effort … • Do not try to find a solution to all potential problems: reduce the problem scope • Adapt or reuse existing protocols … do not reinvent the wheel ! : DHCP-like, SNMP, …. • Design new IP-based protocols when needed: Example ? Routing … (see next slides) • Preserve the fundamental openness of IP • IP is ubiquitous and Sensors are everywhere … Good match. JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Specify new IP protocols when needed Let’s face a reality: routing in Sensor Networks has unique requirements: § Routing in Sensor Networks is a MUST for energy saving (short distances => less energy to transmit) *and* to route around obstacles (including poor quality links), § Highly constrained devices § Harsh & dynamic environments: (variable link qualities, link/nodes fail at a rate significantly higher than within the Internet) § Small MTU (high error rate, limited buffer/bw) § Constraint routing is a MUST: take into account link *and* nodes properties and constraints (also unusual) § Deep power management: WSN in sleep mode most of the time JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Specify new IP protocols when needed (Cont) § Highly heterogeneous capabilities § Structured traffic patterns: P 2 MP, MP 2 P but also more and more P 2 P § Multi-path and asymmetrical load balancing § Data aware routing: data aggregation along a dynamically computed path to a sink. § Self-Managed !! JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Routing for Smart Objects Current Internet Sensor Networks Nodes are routers Nodes are sensor/actuators&routers IGP with typically few hundreds of nodes, Links and nodes are stable, Nodes constraints or link bandwidth are typically non issues, Routing is not application-aware (MTR is a vanilla version of it) JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France An order of magnitude larger in term of number of nodes, Links are highly unstable and Nodes die much more often, Nodes/Links are highly constrained Application-aware routing, in-Band processing is a MUST © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

The “Mesh Under” versus “Route Over” Debate or again “Why do we need IP” ? • Many times people have argued in favor of a layer 2 approach for Sensor Nets, at best with IP reachability, • Sensor Networks are made of a variety of links: wired and wireless, • Even for WSN, there won’t be a single “winner”: IEEE 802. 15. 4, LP Wifi, Wibree, … IP routing is a must for Sensor Networks JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Combine “Mesh Under” and Route Over”: again ? IP Routing over 802. 11 s, 802. 16 J, 802. 15. 5, Zigbee • IP layer with no visibility on the layer 2 path characteristic • Makes “optimal” routing very difficult • Layer 2 path (IP links) change because of layer 2 rerouting (failure or reoptimization) lead to IP kink metric changes. How is this updated ? • Remember IP over ATM • There is still a need for an abstraction layer model but for Point to Point layer 2 links JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Combine “Mesh Under” and Route Over” Another major challenge: multi-layer recovery • Require a multi-layer recovery approach • Current models are timer-based: ØNeeds to be conservative and most of the time bottom-up ØIncreased recovery time for failures non recoverable at layer 2 • Inter-layer collaborative approaches have been studied (e. g. IP over Optical) => definitively too complex for current Sensor Hardware JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

IETF Update • Reuse whenever possible, Invent where needed Reuse APS GEN Existing WG dealing with LLNs OAM INT 6 lowpan JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France RTG RAI SEC TSV ROLL © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

IPv 6 over Low power WPAN (6 Lo. WPAN) § Additional information is available at tools. ietf. org/wg/6 lowpan § Chair(s): Carsten Bormann <cabo@tzi. org> Geoffrey Mulligan <geoff-ietf@mulligan. org> § Internet Area Director(s): Jari Arkko <jari. arkko@piuha. net> Mark Townsley <townsley@cisco. com> § Internet Area Advisor: Mark Townsley <townsley@cisco. com> § Secretary(ies): Christian Schumacher <schumacher@danfoss. com> § Mailing Lists: General Discussion: 6 lowpan@lists. ietf. org To Subscribe: 6 lowpan-request@lists. ietf. org In Body: subscribe Archive: https: //www 1. ietf. org/mailman/listinfo/6 lowpan JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

WG Status § The Problem Statement document made RFC 4919 § The Format Document is RFC 4944 § Just re-chartered: 1. Produce "6 Lo. WPAN Bootstrapping and 6 Lo. WPAN IPv 6 ND Optimizations” 2. Produce "6 Lo. WPAN Improved Header Compression" to describe mechanisms to allow enhancements to the 6 Lo. WPAN headers. 3. Produce "6 Lo. WPAN Architecture" to describe the design and implementation of 6 Lo. WPAN networks. 4. Produce "Use Cases for 6 Lo. WPAN" to define, for a small set of applications with sufficiently unique requirements, 5. Produce "6 Lo. WPAN Security Analysis" Off-charter discussion on fragmentation , flow control, … JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Routing Over Low power and Lossy Link (ROLL) WG § Working Group Formed in Jan 2008 http: //www. ietf. org/html. charters/roll-charter. html Co-chairs: JP Vasseur (Cisco), David Culler (Arch Rock) § Work Items Routing Requirements ID for Connected Home Routing Requirements ID for Industrial applications Routing Requirements ID for Urban networks Routing Requirements ID for Building Automation Survey on existing routing protocol applicability We did limit the scope ! Routing metrics for LLNs Routing for LLNs Architecture document § Active work with a good variety of participants § Already four WG documents as of May 2008. JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

Slides about the protocol survey ID (IETF -72) JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 -

JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights

New Routing Metrics § Motivation of the document Unique characteristics of LLNs Typical routing metrics such as hop counts or link metrics are not sufficient for LLNs A new set of required link and node metrics suitable to LLNs needs to be specified § ROLL WG item Nov 2008 Submit Routing metrics for LLNs document to the IESG to be considered as a Proposed Standard. § Classification of routing metrics Link versus Node metrics Qualitative versus quantitative Dynamic or static JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 24

New Routing Metrics § Routing metrics for LLNs is a critical topic § Need to be cautious !!! May be tempting to define a plethora of metrics … but not always implementable and usable in a deployed network § Use of dynamic metrics have been studied and experimented in the past (ARPANET: first average delays, revised metrics) § Dynamic metrics => Use of energy … § The challenge is not to define metrics but to compute these metrics. § This first revision lists potential candidates JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France IETF 72 – July 2008 - Dublin © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 25

A first list of Node and Link Routing Attributes § Node metric Computational resources Residual Energy (dynamic) Current workload (dynamic) Node latency Data Aggregation attribute Node degree Dynamicity Node reliability § Link metrics Bandwidth Reliability (Quality) Propagation delay Set of costs (missing from the ID) JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 26

ROLL: Next Steps § Try to Last Call application specific routing requirements documents by September 2008 § Call for a ROLL Interim WG meeting in October (TBC) § Draw a consensus JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 27

What about Zig. Bee, Z-Wave, and other proprietary protocols ? JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM

One physical layer will not fit all § Different requirements (range, power, bandwidth, frequency band, media, security) Lead to different physical layers: Power line, 802. 11 LP, 802. 15. 4, 802. 3, 802. 15. 4 a IP is the common abstraction layer JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 32

One solution: IP § IP is independent of the physical layer. IP everywhere § Does IP work on highly constrained devices (meaning small and with limited memory) such as a 16 -bit microcontroller with tens of Kbytes of RAM and possibly battery operated? § Absolutely: this has been very successfully demonstrated and there ARE several deployments! § The suggested IP stack only needs about 4 K RAM § Will there be new IP protocols? MANY of the existing IP protocols can be used with no cost such as SNMP and Ping New IP protocols will be implemented only when and where needed. JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 33

Work at the IETF § A lot of us are very active at the IETF: In the 6 lowpan Working Group (IPv 6 over low power radio) A new routing WG has been established - ROLL – which has been very active and has Cisco representative as co-chair § Also at ISA (defining a standard for machine to machine communication in industrial environments) - ISA just adopted IP for that implementation § In both those areas there is a strong momentum and new companies joining the effort! JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 34

Why do we need a new alliance? § The IETF defines protocols – Does no Marketing § Regular requests for white papers, lists of companies supporting IP for Smart Objects, and other marketing support § We care about the end-user JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 35

Proposal § Form a new Alliance promoting IP for Smart Objects (also known as “Sensor Networks” and “The Internet of Things”) JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 36

Objectives and Areas to Avoid § Objectives of the Alliance § Promote the use of IP in Smart Objects by publishing white papers, case studies, issuing technology press releases, providing updates on standards progress and other supporting marketing activities § Organize focused interoperability testing events § Areas to Avoid - the Alliance will NOT work on protocol specifications, algorithms, etc. – those activities will be done at the IETF ! JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 37

Conclusion § Sensor networks have a tremendous number of opportunities but it is time to react and change the current “trend” (myriad of proprietary worlds), § The “WAS” approach (unavoidably leading to translation protocol gateways, complex tunneling, cross layer adaptations) is now strongly questioned. § We (hopefully) learnt from the past: open-based standard is KEY. IP is obvious the protocol, § Strong momentum around IP is being built: fast progress at the IETF (6 lowpan and ROLL), formation of a new industrial alliance promoting IP (IPSO), § Participation of the Research community is key. JP Vasseur - SENSORCOMM 2008 - France © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 38