THE INQUIRY PROCESS Question Hypothesis Identifying Variables Materials

THE INQUIRY PROCESS • • Question Hypothesis Identifying Variables Materials Diagram Procedure Results Conclusion

Identifying Variables • Manipulated variable - the factor that is purposely changed. Also know as the independent variable. • Responding Variable - the factor that changes as a result of the manipulated variable. Also known as the dependent variable. • Controlled variables - the factors that are kept the same throughout the experiment. • Comparison group (when necessary) – a part of the investigation where all variables are controlled. Represents normal conditions for comparing results of the manipulated variable.

CELLS The Building Blocks of Life Systems Tissues Organic Molecules Organs Cells

Plant Cell 1. Nucleus 2. Ribosomes 3. Mitochondria 4. Chloroplasts 5. Cell Membrane 6. Cytoplasm 7. Cell Wall 8. Vacuole 9. Golgi Body 10. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Animal Cell 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Lysosomes Cell Membrane Mitochondria Cytoplasm Golgi Bodies Vacuole

Bacteria Cell § § § Generally smaller than plant/animal cells Have cell walls and cell membranes. Bacteria cells are called prokaryotes, meaning they do not have a nucleus. Cells that have a nucleus are called eukaryotes. Ribosomes are the only organelle in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells. DNA

DIFFUSION • Diffusion is the main way molecules move in and out of a cell. Process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration, to an area of lower concentration. • Concentration is the amount of a substance in a given volume. [HIGH] • [LOW] http: //www. indiana. edu/~phys 215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion 2. gif

PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Photosynthesis is the food making process of plants (and some other microorganisms). Takes place in the chloroplasts. 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O sunlight C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 • In this process, plants use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide with water (reactants) to form sugar and oxygen (products). The sugar, called glucose, is food for the plant.

Glucose

The role of plant parts in photosynthesis • Roots: Take up water and nutrients from the soil. • Stem: Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. • Leaves: where photosynthesis occurs. CO 2 enter through stomata (special cells). stomata

CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Most activities in the cell require energy • Cellular Respiration is the process in which oxygen combines with food molecules (such as glucose) in the cell to release energy. • Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy • Both plants and animals use cellular respiration to produce energy.

• Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration work in a cycle in the natural environment to recycle matter. This is called the “Carbon Cycle”.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • The Circulatory System is made up of your blood, heart, and blood vessels.

The Circulatory System Makes a Circuit lungs pulmonary vein heart arteries capillaries cells capillaries veins heart pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein heart… video 1 video 2

Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins • From the heart, blood is pumped into arteries, which are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. lungs pulmonary vein heart arteries capillaries cells • Returning to the heart, carbon dioxide-rich blood flows through veins. Then the heart pumps the blood to the lungs, where CO 2 is dropped off and O 2 is picked up. cells capillaries veins heart pulmonary artery lungs

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • • • The Respiratory System takes in O 2 and gets rid of CO 2. Air enters through your nostrils or mouth, moves down the trachea, and then into the bronchi of your lungs. The bronchi branches into many smaller tubes. At the end of the smallest tubes are tiny air sacs called alveoli. Each is surrounded by capillaries. O 2 diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries (Circulatory System). At the same time, CO 2 diffuses from the capillaries to the alveoli, then gets exhaled. Just below your ribs, the diaphragm (a large muscle) moves up and down, causing you to inhale or exhale. video

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • The Digestive System breaks down food into substances that cells can use. There are two types of digestion: • Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces. (teeth and stomach) • Chemical digestion uses special proteins called enzymes to break down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can enter cells. (stomach, pancreas, small intestine) • The parts of the Digestive System work together to perform 3 functions: 1. Digest (break down) food 2. Absorb nutrients into blood 3. Waste removal

• Esophagus – a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. • Stomach – where most mechanical digestion happens. Muscles grind food into smaller parts. Also chemical digestion through hydrochloric acid and enzymes. • Liver - produces bile, a liquid that breaks up fat molecules, then delivers it to the gall bladder. The liver also helps to remove waste. • Gall Bladder – delivers bile to the small intestine to break up fats.

• Pancreas – produces enzymes to break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in the small intestines. • Small Intestine – most chemical digestion happens here. Then, small nutrients like glucose are absorbed into the blood. - Villi – millions of tiny fingerlike structures in the small intestines. Blood vessels in the villi absorb the nutrients. Connects the Digestive System to the Circulatory System. • Large Intestine – Absorbs water from materials that cannot be digested. The solid that remains is waste (feces). video 1 video 2

Villi

Connections between Systems • The Respiratory, Digestive and Circulatory Systems all work together to deliver oxygen and food molecules (glucose) to the cells of your body. • Cellular Respiration occurs and energy is produced. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy • These 3 systems also work together to remove waste products, such as carbon dioxide or undigested food (feces).

Genetic Material • Chromosomes are found in the nuclei of an organism’s cells. They are tightly coiled strands of DNA. • DNA is a very long molecule that holds specific codes for specific traits. These codes are called genes. • Genes are segments of DNA made up of base pairs (A, T, C, G) that are arranged in a very specific order. • Genetic abnormalities are caused by random changes in genes, called mutations.

Asexual Reproduction • Simple organisms like bacteria, protists and fungi reproduce asexually. In this process, a cell makes an exact copy of its own DNA, doubles in size, and splits into two identical cells. No mate is needed. This is basically the same process that complex organisms use to build new cells for growth and repair.

Sexual Reproduction • Two parents both contribute DNA to the offspring. The result is genetically unique offspring. • Plants and animals reproduce this way.

Punnett Square • A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles (genotypes) that can result from a genetic cross. ~Stewart 09

7 Levels of Classification • The Kingdom is the broadest level, and contains the largest number of organisms. Species is the most specific group, consisting of a very specific type of organism.

Evolution = Change Over Time

Theory of Evolution Describes the slow change in organisms over many generations. Evolution happens by Natural Selection.

Natural Selection – process where individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species: 1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2. Competition for food, space and resources. 3. There are genetic differences (variations) among the species. 4. Individuals with the best traits (adaptations) are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass trait to offspring.

Overproduction + Competition + Variations (genetic differences) + Selection = Natural Selection

Overproduction • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive

Competition • Members of the same species living in the same population must compete for food, space and even mates.

Variations • All life forms vary genetically within a population. Natural selection works upon this genetic variation. • Sources of variation: Mutations and Sexual Reproduction

Selection • The most well adapted (most “fit”) individuals are mostly likely to survive, reproduce and pass traits to offspring.

Ecosystems • An ecosystem is all the organisms that live in an area together with non-living factors of the environment.

Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem. • Abiotic factors are non-living parts of an ecosystem such as water, sunlight, oxygen and temperature.

Feeding Relationships • Producers are organisms that make their own food. • Consumers get their food by eating other organisms. herbivore • omnivore Decomposers feed on the remains of waste or dead organisms carnivore

Food Webs • A food web is a system of several overlapping food chains, that shows a more complete picture of the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Interactive food webs Food Webs & Populations

Carbon Dioxide - Oxygen Cycle • Photosynthesis: plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. • Respiration: organisms (plants and animals) get energy by taking in oxygen from the air and combining it with food. Carbon dioxide is released back to the environment as a waste product. • Decomposition: fungi and bacteria get energy by breaking down the waste or remains of other living things into smaller molecules. Carbon dioxide is released back in the environment.