The Industrial Revolution Mr Millhouse AP World History

The Industrial Revolution Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School

Discussion Question What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Favorable natural resources p Agricultural Revolution p Growth of large manufacturing sector n p Population Pressure Cottage industry (putting-out system) Huge advantages in world trade n Provide necessary capital? Technological developments p Government support of business p

Favorable Natural Resources p Coal n Production 1750— 2. 5 million tons p 1828— 15 million tons p n Technology Originally relied upon muscle power p Later helped by animal power and carts on rail p Use of gunpowder p p Iron n n Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron Better methods for smelting iron

Coal Mining in Britain 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Agricultural Revolution p New techniques & practices n n n p Enclosure movement Crop rotation Use of horses New technologies n n n Farmers treat farming as science Jethro Tull’s seed drill Metal farm implements

Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500 -1850

Growth of Manufacturing p Cottage Industry (Putting-out System) n n Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home Part-time or full-time work done by families p n p Women and children helped with production Merchants distributed raw materials to spinners and weavers Constant shortages of thread led to new ways of spinning cotton

Technological Advancements p Textile Industry n Spinning Jenny— 1770 p n n 1 worker could run 8 spindles instead of 1 Machine for spinning using water power Steam Engine— 1763 p n p Combined spinning jenny & water frame Rise of factory system p Power Loom— 1785 p p Not widely adopted until 1850 Led to riots by hand weavers n Eli Whitney’s invention increased the available supply of cotton Steamboat— 1807 p n James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery Cotton Gin— 1793 Spinning Mule— 1779 p n Other Inventions Water Frame— 1779 p n p Robert Fulton Locomotive— 1814 p George Stephenson

Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom

Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive

Government Supports Business p England’s Economic Advantages n n n A central bank Well-developed credit market Government encouraged technological change and free markets p n n Supported capitalism Labor surplus Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

Discussion Question What were the positive and negative effects of early industrialization?

Factory System Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile Factory Workers

Increasing Wealth

Urbanization p Effects related to urbanization n Urban overcrowding p p n n Poor housing & sanitation Rising crime rates Suburbanization Government functions shift p p p Sewer systems Housing regulations Police forces

Industrial Manchester

Industrial Staffordshire

Coalbrookdale by Night

Problem of Pollution The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London

The New Industrial City Above: Early 19 th century London by Gustave Dore

Changing Labor Conditions p Women & children are majority of laborers by 1816 n n p Work became unpleasant n n n p Paid less Many lived in factory dorms Workers separated from family Punctuality & efficiency stressed Poor working hours & wages, unemployment, & frequent accidents Labor riots were common n Luddites

Changing Family Values p Women withdrew from formal jobs n n New roles in caring for children Moral status improved Education stressed by middle class families p Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction p

Cultural Changes p Rise of Mass Leisure Culture n n n Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle) Newspapers become popular Radio and motion pictures Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing, horse racing Family vacations for the wealthy and middle class

Adjustments to Industrial Life p Demographic Transition n p Declining birth rates Declining death rates for children Family size decreases Life expectancy increased n n n Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur Women began to outlive men Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880 s

Spread of Industrialization by 1850

2 nd Industrial Revolution p Scientific advances applied to industry n Major advances in physics and chemistry Led by the U. S. and Germany p Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting to New York City in 1882 p n p General Electric and Westinghouse become the first multinational corporations New business structures: corporations, trusts, and cartels

2 nd Industrial Revolution p Advances in communications n n p Needed by business managers to control their many branches Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876) Methods of Mass Production n n Electric power replaces steam power Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913) New waves of immigration p Global industrialization: Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Japan p

New York City, 1910

Responses to Industrialization p Changes in government functions n n p The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850 The “Social Question” Beginning of the welfare state n n Social insurance (worker’s compensation, unemployment, etc. ) Symbolized extension of government p Corresponds with the democratization of the political system

Reform Movements p Political Reform Movements n n n Utilitarianism Socialism Communism p p New Political Parties n n p The Communist Manifesto (1848) Socialists Communists Methodist Church Karl Marx

Labor Reform p Labor unions n n p Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions Reform laws n n n Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children cannot work underground

Democratic Reforms p Great Britain n n p Reform Bill of 1832 Chartist Movement Working class suffrage in 1867 Rural laborers in 1884 United States n n n In 1800 property was requirement to vote All white males could vote by mid-1850 s 15 th Amendment (1870)

Feminist Movements p Goals n n p Leadership n n n p Sought legal and economic rights Women’s suffrage Middle class women Emmeline Pankhurst Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony English women gain the right to vote 1918 n U. S. in 1920 with the 19 th amendment