The Industrial Revolution Great Britain Industrial Revolution began

The Industrial Revolution

Great Britain • Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780’s. • WHY? – Britain had ready supply of capital ($) to invest – Wealthy entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest and make a profit – Britain had abundant natural resources – Also, it had a supply of markets due to its colonial empire

• Steam engine drove Britain’s industry – Powered by coal (no longer had to have factories next to water) • They were able to bring cotton, their largest product, all over the world • Iron industry started booming- quadrupled in production throughout the next 80 years!

Spread of Industrialization • Industrialization spread to other countries at different speeds • Belgium, France, and Germany were the first to industrialize, because their gov’ts built canals and railroads • Japan followed-they knew they had to industrialize to keep up with the modern world

United States – In 1800 - 6 out of every 7 Americans were farmers – By 1860 - the number dropped to 1 out of every 2! • The U. S. needed a transportation system for its huge country – Robert Fulton- built paddlewheel steamboat – Railroads turned the U. S. into a massive market • Labor for the factories was America’s farm population – Women made up 80% of textile factory workers

Social Impact • Growth of cities – People moving from rural to urban areas – Living conditions often miserable • Population nearly doubled throughout Europe • Horrible working conditions • Creation of a Middle Class

Congress of Vienna • With Napoleon gone, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia gathered in Vienna to redraw the map of Europe. (get back lost territory) • Monarchs and Nobility wanted to restore the old order – Conservatism • Based on tradition and social stability (divine right, monarchy, nobility)

• Group became the Concert of Europe -(GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and eventually France) -these countries were willing to maintain order by whatever means necessary throughout Europe • Developed the Principle of Intervention: they could interfere in revolutions that threatened established monarch’s powers • Did NOT want a repeat of Louis and Marie!

1830’s- Liberalism and Nationalism start brewing…. • Liberalism – as free as possible from government – Separation of church and state – Right to basic civil liberties – Representative bodies in gov’t – Tolerance (religious, political, etc) – New middle class and lower class/poor want protection from the gov’t **Middle class are the people that began to push for change! ***

• Nationalism – “loyalty to the nation”, pride in your nation (French Revolution) – Different ethnic groups wanted their own nation (common language, religion and customs) • German Unification • Ethnic groups in Ottoman Empire

• In 1830, Belgium, France, German States (38), the Austrian Empire, and the Italian states all made pushes for independence. Many failed due to conservatism. • Each had desire for Liberalism and Representative Governments Red Stars represent Revolutions throughout Europe

The End of the Concert of Europe • Crimean War (1853) Russia vs. Ottoman Empire – France and Great Britain do not back up Russia, loyalty is gone… *Fought over the Balkan Peninsula controlled by the Ottomans. Russia wanted it for a warmwater port and access to the Med. Sea. Russia invades the area and the Ottomans declare war. Britain and France also declare war on Russia due to fear that Russia would grow too powerful. Many troops killed and Russia asked for peace.

Outcomes 1. The major powers (Austria and Russia) are now rivals rather than allies 2. Russia and Austria who were holding conservatism in place were now in competition for Eastern Europe 3. End of the Concert of Europe and its conservative policies 4. German and Italian states were able to unify without interference

German Unification • Prussia leads way for German Unification • Otto von Bismarck appointed Prime Minister. – Built up military and picked fights • Franco-Prussian War (1870) • Prussia won and gained $ and land (Alsace and Lorraine territory) Otto von Bismarck 1815 -1898

• Prussia now had a lot of power and unified the German states into Germany. • January 18, 1871 marked the beginning of the Second Reich and the crowning of the first Kaiser, William I. • Germany was now the strongest power in continental Europe. (No more balance of power!)

Great Britain • Avoided revolts by expanding voting rights (suffrage) to all men • Experienced vast economic growth • “Victorian Age” 18371901 Queen Victoria

France • Napoleon III becomes emperor after Revolutions of 1848 – Monarchy restored • Early successdomestically • War with Prussia marks the end of the Second Empire of France Napoleon III

The Austrian Empire • Multi-national empire with many ethnicities living within it. • Nationalist feelings were leading many ethnic groups towards the desire for independence • Compromise of 1867 created the Austria-Hungary monarchy. Still one country except for day-to-day matters (pg 277) Francis Joseph

Russia • Rural, agricultural, autocratic • Divine right of the czar • Defeat in the Crimean War caused tensions • Reformers vs. Conservatives (Left) Czar Alexander II freed the serfs and was assassinated. His son (Right) Alexander III took back reforms – Attempts at freeing serfs to create a middle class, but failed. – Eventually moved back to conservatism

United States • War of 1812 spurred nationalism in the U. S. • Civil War 18611865 split the nation. – Due to regional issues and slavery Slaves in Virginia