The Industrial Revolution 1760 1851 The most profound

The Industrial Revolution 1760 -1851 “The most profound transformation in human life since the beginnings of agriculture”

Causes O Population Growth O Trade/Inventions O Resistance to disease O Improved roads O Reliable food supply O Rural cottage O Potato O Maize O O Enclosure Acts O O Early marriage O O More kids O O Child labor O Migration/immigration industry Sugar Electricity Hot air balloon Telegraph

The Rise of Industry: England O Increase in living standards O Leading exporter O Tools O Guns O Craft goods O Society O Aristocracy / court O Social classes O Transportation / commerce O Access to water

The Rise of Industry: Europe O Slower pace than England O High transportation cost O Social structures O Canals O Revolution / war O Britons began training Europeans after revolutions O Ability to mine ore

Innovations O Mass production O Division of labor O Mechanization O New machines O Iron O Steam engine O Electric telegraph

Mass Production The making of many identical items by breaking the process into simple repetitive tasks O 1759: Josiah Wedgwood and pottery O Measure temperature inside kilns O Division of labor (subdivided work into repetitive tasks) O Molds vs. potter’s wheel O Lowered cost of porcelain O 1782: steam engine

Mechanization The use of machines to do work previously done by hand O Cotton industry was largest in GB O Parliament forbids imported cloth O Creates need for domestic cloth O Cotton becomes America’s most valuable crop O Increased productivity O Lowered prices O Fewer skilled workers O Child labor

Cotton Innovations: GB O Spinning Jenny (1764) O Created thread mechanically O Soft; must be used with linen O Richard Arkwright: water frame (1769) O Stronger thread (no linen) O “cotton mill” O Samuel Crompton: mule (1785) O Combined spinning jenny and water frame O Muslin O Other inventions O Chlorine bleach O Printed fabrics

Spinning Jenny

Water Frame

Mule

Cotton Innovations : US O Eli Whitney: cotton gin (1793) O Separated bolls from fiber O Allowed for spread of cotton across the South O slavery

Iron O Song China O Cast iron produced in large quantities O Production declined but iron products remained cheap O OUTSIDE of China, iron was expensive O Deforestation O Charcoal costs rise (smelting process) O Abraham Darby (1709) O Use of coke instead of charcoal O Wrought iron O Bridges O Crystal Palace (1851) O Great Exhibition O Show off GB’s innovations O Interchangeable parts O “American system of manufactures”

Iron

Steam O Steam engine O Fossil fuel mechanical energy O Distinguished Industrial Revolution from other growth/innovation periods O Thomas Newcomen O First practical steam engine O Water pump for mines O Very expensive for other uses O James Watt O Repair of Newcomen engine O Improved design O More affordable for industry (flour, cotton, pottery)

Steamboats O Robert Fulton and the North River (1807) O Frist commercial steamboat O Hudson River in NY O Erie Canal (1820 s) O Connected Atlantic to the Great Lakes O New settlements O Steamboats on the MS O Great Western and Sirius (1838) O First steam boats to cross Atlantic on steam power

Railroads O Richard Trevithick (1804) O Engine that uses less coal than Newcomen or Watt O Steam powered vehicles (road and rail) O George and Robert Stephenson (1829) O Liverpool and Manchester Railway O Competition between steam powered locomotive and horse drawn wagon O The Rocket: 30 mph O Cheap, fast, comfy O Need for iron, machinery, construction

US Railroads O De Witt Clinton (1835) O First US steam locomotive O 1840 s: 6, 000 miles of track O 1850 s: 21, 000 miles of track laid O Connect East to Memphis, St. Louis, Chicago O Prairie land connected to the East

Telegraph O Alessandro Volta: battery (1800) O Made production of electric current possible O Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke O England O Five wire telegraph O Samuel Morse O US O Dots and dashes (single wire) O 1851: first submarine telegraph cable O English Channel

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Urban Life O FAST growth O London O 1700: population of 500, 000 O 1850: population of 2, 363, 000 O Towns merge O “Development” in poor neighborhoods O Quick builds O Shoddy work O Pollution O Air pollution O Coal O Trains O Sewage and trash in street/river O Drinking water O City livestock O Noise O Disease O Rickets O Cholera (from India)

Rural Life O Deforestation O Ships O Homes O Charcoal O Manufacturing

Working Conditions O Long, repetitive days O Unskilled workers O Few breaks O Gas lighting O Allowed workers to continue working at night O 1806: National Light and Heat Company O Produce and distribute in London O 1816: 26 miles of gas lines

Women and Children O Rural areas: family/household work O Urban areas O Domestic servants O Laundry, Millinery, Sewing O Textile factories O Unmarried? ? O Lowell mills in Massachusetts O ½ to 1/3 pay of men O Children contribute at early age O 5 -6 years old in mills O Smaller, less likely to cause problems O Beaten if mistakes/asleep O 14 -16 hour days

Women O Pre-Industrial Revolution O Wives participate in business O Widows manage businesses alone O Post Industrial Revolution O “Cult of domesticity” O Removal of women from business world O Mary Wollstonecraft O Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) O First feminist manifesto

Economics and the People O Destitute O Those that clung to “old ways” O Factory workers O 1792 -1815: Food prices rose quicker than wages O 1847 -1848: potato famine in Ireland O ¼ population died O ¼ emigrated to England/North America

O Laissez faire Economics O “let them do” (little/no government intervention in business) O Mercantilism O Governments should regulate trade O Adam Smith (British) O Scottish economist O Wealth of Nations O Challenged mercantilism O Allow free trade with foreign countries O Allow individuals to seek personal gain O Result will be increase in general welfare

Economics O Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo (British) O Worker’s problems brought about by population boom O Poverty is a result of “natural law” O Outside Great Britain O Friedrich List (German) O Zollverein O Positivism (France) O Saint Simon, Auguste Comte O Scientific method can solve social problems O Workers unions

Worker Demands O Universal male suffrage O Shorter work days O Workers unions O Factory Act of 1833 O Prohibits children under age 9 from working in mills O Limit working hours O 9 -13 yrs = 8 hours O 14 -18 = 12 hours O Mines Act of 1842 O Prohibit women and boys under 10 O Corn Laws O Taxes on imported grain

The World Outside the Industrialized West

Egypt O 1798: French invasion O Brings European influence O Muhammad Ali O Less dependence on Ottoman Empire O Imports advisers from Europe to build mills, etc O Britain and “free trade” O Becomes dependent on Britain

India O Pre-Industrial Revolution O World leader in producing/exporting cotton textiles O British East India Company O Takes over parts of India O Allows cheap, British made cloth to flood market O Becomes dependent on Britain

China O Conservative elite class stands in the way of change O Does not grow with Europe, America O Britain sends iron, steam powered ships to defeat China