The Impending Crisis Events Leading Toward Civil War

The Impending Crisis Events Leading Toward Civil War

North & South Read “Slavery Divides the Nation” (page 324325) n As you read, create a chart in your notes describing the differences between the North and South. North (include economic. South differences & views on slavery). • • n • • •

Aftermath of Mexican War n Opinions of war’s aftermath – Wilmot Proviso (Aug 1846) – Northern view - annex Texas as slave state but no extension of slavery into any territory that may be gained from Mexico n Southern View (Calhoun): slaves property; property rights protected by 5 th Amendment; Southerners could move

Other Positions on Slavery’s Future n James K. Polk: extend Missouri Compromise line n “popular sovereignty” – let people in territory decide status of slavery (compromise)

Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor (Whig) – popular sovereignty (but a southern & a slave owner) Lewis Cass (Democrat) – popular sovereignty Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) - N. Democrats, anti-slavery Whigs) endorsed Wilmot Proviso – opposed extension of slavery “free soil, free speech, free labor, & free men”

Impact of Free Soil Party n Won 10 % of the vote & split Democrat & Whig vote in some areas n So…. . Taylor won election (war hero) n Significance: slavery became a political

Check Point n 1. Why did Southerners oppose the Wilmot Proviso? n 2. What was the platform of the Free Soil Party regarding the extension of slavery? n 3. How did the presence of the Free Soil Party impact the Presidential election results in 1848?

Gold Rush (1848) n Greatest mass migration in Amer. History n California applied for Statehood in 1849 – wanted admission as a free state n Taylor’s opinion: protect slavery where exists, but make CA & NM free

Compromise of 1850 n CA petition touched off great debate in Senate n Key players: Clay, Calhoun, Webster Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster

Compromise of 1850 1. California admitted as free state 2. Popular Sovereignty in NM and Utah 3. Texas given $ 10 million for loss of property to NM 4. Slave trade in D. C. ended (slavery remains)

Think About It: N & S Reactions n Look at the list of 5 items that made up the Compromise of 1850 n Write N next to items that would have pleased the North n Write S next to items that would have pleased the South

Check Point n 1. What developments led to the necessity of compromise in 1850? n 2. Who proposed the Compromise of 1850? n 3. Which parts of the Compromise pleased the South? Which parts pleased the North?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe Story: Uncle Tom (main character) is sold to cruel owner Simon Legree n 300, 000 copies sold in first year n Significance: first time

Reactions to Uncle Tom’s Cabin - In North: spread compassion for enslaved people n convinced Northerners slavery would ruin nation; won many over to anti-slavery cause n - In South enraged Southerners n wrote numerous novels in reply w/ their own versions of slavery; felt threatened & became defensive n

Check Point n 1. Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? n 2. Who is the evil slave owner in the book? n 3. How did Southerners react to the book?

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) n Senator Stephen Douglas proposed organizing Nebraska Territory w/ popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue n South feared it would be a free state - decided to divide the territory into Kansas & Nebraska n 1854 both organized w/ pop. sov. to determine slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Video Qs Who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act? n Why did Douglas support popular sovereignty? n What was the outcome of the election in Kansas? n Who was John Brown? How did he respond to the violence against antislavery settlers in Lawrence, Kansas? n

Significance of Kansas-Nebraska Act in further dividing N & S: Pro- & Anti-slavery forces streamed into Kansas n 2 gov’ts formed: 1 pro-slavery, 1 anti-slavery (map page 336) n Both petitioned Congress for recognition n Caused a bloody civil war in Kansas – violence between the 2 factions n Led to birth of Republican Party n

“Bleeding Kansas” n 1855 territory governor called for elections: proslavery “border ruffians” from MO came across border & swayed election in their favor Civil War erupted between factions – raided each other’s settlements and killed each other over issue of slavery

Troubles in Kansas Continue n May 24 -25, 1856 John Brown & followers; “Pottawatomie Massacre” (5 pro-slavery settlers murdered) n Congress adjourned 1856 session w/ no decision on Kansas n Became main issue in Election of 1856; eventually admitted as a free state in 1861

Violence spreads to U. S. Senate: “Crime Against Kansas”: 1856 n Charles Sumner’s speech: n criticism of pro-slavery forces in Kansas n aimed criticism @ Sen. Andrew Butler from S. C. ) n Preston Brooks (Butler’s nephew) beat C. Sumner w/ cane on floor of Senate chamber Sumner absent from Senate for 2 ½ yrs n Sumner’s speech & beating inflamed both sides

Check Point n 1. What was popular sovereignty? n 2. Whose speech criticized pro-slavery forces in Kansas? n 3. What was “Bleeding Kansas”?

Republican Party Forms: 1854 n Why formed? largely in response to Kansas. Nebraska Act and civil war in Kansas n Support drawn from antislavery Democrats and Whigs, Free Soilers, nonslave state farmers, professionals, small

Republican Party n 1 st Presidential candidate: John C. Fremont in election of 1856 n Platform: opposed extension of slavery; demanded repeal of Kansas -Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Act n 1 st President: Abraham

Election of 1856 n James Buchanan (D) – Platform: endorsed Kan. Neb Act; better enforcement of Fugitive Slave law; Congress should not interfere w/ slavery n John C. Fremont (R)

Election Results / Significance n Buchanan won n Voting along sectional lines: n Dem’s won 14 slave, 5 free states n Rep’s won 11 free states (not on ballot in slave states) & 1/3 of popular votes

Check Points n 1. Which issue prompted the formation of the Republican Party? n 2. What was the Party’s platform in regards to slavery? n 3. Who was the Party’s 1 st Pres. Candidate? Its 1 st President?

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Circumstances leading to this case: n Dred Scott slave – taken from Missouri (slave state) into free state to live then back to slave state – sued for his freedom in 1843 after master’s death n

Supreme Court (Taney) Ruling: 1. temporary residence in free state did not make Scott free 2. slaves property, not citizens; could not sue 3. no African American could be a citizen 4. Congress could not ban slavery anywhere b/c doing so would take away slave owners’ property rights w/o due process of law

Reaction to Dred Scott n Decision basically said Congress could not exclude slavery - no such thing as a free state n North & Rep’s enraged: believed “slavocracy” conspiracy existed (majority of justices, including Taney were southerners) n Southerners celebrated decision: said Congress now obligated to protect

Lincoln-Douglas Debates n Lincoln challenged Douglas for Ill. Senate seat n 7 debates in 1858 n Douglas won reelection n Lincoln gained nat’l attention as result of debates – aided his nomination in 1860

John Brown’s Raid n Viewed himself as an angel of God, avenging the evil of slavery n Oct. 1859 – Harper’s Ferry, VA (now W VA) n Planned to seize federal arsenal w/ hopes of starting an armed slave

What was John Brown’s fate? n Brown captured, tried for treason & conspiracy to cause a slave insurrection n Found guilty n Sent to gallows & executed

Reactions to John Brown’s raid n Northerners condemned Brown & thought he had gone too far; some in North called him a martyr n Southerners believed Brown had widespread support in North – esp. among Republicans; in aftermath, rumors of abolitionist conspiracies and slave insurrections spread in slave states

Significance of John Brown n Further alienated South & deepened divisions, distrust & anger between N. and S.

Check Point n 1. Which section of the nation celebrated the Dred Scott decision and why? n 2. What was John Brown’s plan? n 3. What was John Brown’s fate? n 4. How did Southerners react to Brown’s raid?

Election of 1860 n Republicans – A. Lincoln – opposed ext. of slavery n Democratic Party divided over slavery: n S. Democrats - J. Breckenridge (KY) – proslavery n N. Democrats - S. Douglas – supported popular sovereignty n Constitutional Union – John Bell – federal gov’t

Election Results n Lincoln won Electoral College & 39% of popular vote; 18 free states (not on ballot in any Southern state); won because Democratic Party divided n Breckinridge – 2 nd in electoral vote; swept all slave states except VA, KY, TN (went to Bell) n Significance/ how did S states react? began to secede from the U. S. (Union)

Confederacy Forms: by Feb 1, 1861, 7 states seceded: SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX n n Adopted constitution of Confederate States of America (CSA); 1 st Capitol: Montgomery, AL (later Richmond, VA) Elected Jefferson Davis President Buchanan’s reaction: no authority to prevent secession; sympathized w/ South; no serious effort to resolve crisis Lincoln’s reaction: announced intention to preserve the Union; did not believe secession was legal; wanted to avoid violence

States Seceding After Ft. Sumter Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina n Capitol of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Va n

Check Point n 1. Who won the election of 1860? n 2. How did Southern states react to his victory? n 3. Where was the original capitol of the Confederacy? n 4. Which city became the capitol after Virginia’s secession?

Ft. Sumter Falls: Charleston, SC Apr. 12, 1861 n Major Robert Anderson’s U. S. forces occupied fort when S. C. seceded & were running low on supplies n Lincoln’s dilemma: try to resupply fort and risk provoking South or let Southerners take the fort? n Lincoln’s action: notified S. C. he was sending supplies to the fort– food only, no

Ft. Sumter Video Qs 1. Major Anderson was the U. S. military leader at Ft. Sumter. Who was the head of the Confederate troops at Ft. Sumter? 2. What evidence from the video suggests that both the United States and the Confederacy were hesitant to officially start the war? (provide at least 3 pieces of evidence) 3. What was the outcome of the Battle at Ft.

Bombardment!! The Civil War Begins at Fort Sumter Southerners demanded surrender of fort n Fort’s commander refused n Confederates opened fire on fort April 12, 1861 n U. S. forces surrendered n Considered the beginning of the war n Lincoln’s response: Apr. 15 th declared “insurrection” existed and called for 75, 000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy n

Check Point n Where does the Civil War begin?