The Immune System SC 912 L 14 52

The Immune System

SC. 912. L. 14. 52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (MODERATE) HE. 912. C. 1. 8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

BENCHMARK SC. 912. L. 14. 52 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms Benchmark including (Also assesses SC. 912. L. 14. 52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. SC. 912. L. 14. 6, HE. 912. C. 1. 4, and HE. 912. C. 1. 8. ) Also Assesses and SC. 912. L. 14. 6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. HE. 912. C. 1. 4 Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health. HE. 912. C. 1. 8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases. Benchmark Clarifications and/or and health. Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses. Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines antibiotics. Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public Content Limits Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding. Stimulus Attribute Response Attributes Prior Knowledge NGSSS SC. 6. L. 14. 6, Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course. None specified Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC. 6. E. 7. 8, SC. 8. N. 4. 1, and SC. 8. N. 4. 2.

Bell ringer Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses Immunity: the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

1 st Line: barriers Broad, external defense “Walls and Moats” skin & mucus membranes 2 nd Line: Nonspecific patrol Broad, internal defense “Patrolling soldiers” phagocytes eating WBC’s 3 rd Line: Immune System Specific, acquired immunity Elite trained units lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies B & T cells

• Non-specific defense • External barriers • skin –physically blocks pathogens • mucus membranes- traps particles in nose and throat • excretions • sweat • tears • mucus • stomach acids • saliva (“lick your wounds”) Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells

2 nd Line of Defense Non-specific Inflammatory reaction Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain) Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged and more permeable (causes redness, swelling, pain) White Blood cells Non-specific (macrophage)

Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on surface (antigens) that activate the immune system because foreign to body Types of White Blood Cells - all made in the bone marrow - All called in after the non-specific WBCs B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow) produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target particular pathogens Produce memory B cells T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland) directly destroy infected cells produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells

Active Body creates an immune response after being exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine Memory cells are produced so this immunity lasts (sometimes even a lifetime) Passive Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies provide a temporary immune response

Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases

• Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body • antibiotics cause pathogens to burst • target on specific bacterium or fungus • not effective against viruses • antibiotic resistance issues Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55, 000 X

Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective. – Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics. – These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless. A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.

Vaccines also control pathogens and disease. given to prevent illness contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

• Vaccination provides acquired immunity. – stimulates a specific Antigens in a vaccine 1 trigger an immune response, immune response and memory B cells are made. memory B cells – causes memory B cell is cells to be produced 2 Astimulated when the real pathogen binds to it. – allows immune system to respond quickly to infection The B cell quickly activates 3 and makes antibodies that – has such a fast fight the pathogens before you get sick. response, a person will not get sick

Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens This produces cold-like symptoms With anaphylatic shock, the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

Additional activities: Malaria interactive game Id agents of disease research activity Antibodies Virtual Lab /