The Hundred Years War 1337 1453 Cause The
- Slides: 33
The Hundred Years’ War 1337 - 1453
Cause • The feudal relationship between the Kings of England France.
• The King of England was the Duke of Normandy. • The Duke of Normandy owed homage to the King of France. • Edward III refused homage to Philip VI. • Philip confiscated Edward’s land in Aquitaine. • Edward declared he was the King of France, not Philip.
• Growing English commercial dominance in Flanders. • French influence in Scotland.
Phase 1 - 1337 -1396 • 1337 -1338: English establish bases in Flanders • 1338: Edward proclaims himself King of France
• 1340: Battle of Sluys; English destroy French fleet. • 1346: English expedition into France – 26 August 1346: Battle of Crécy
Italian, c. 1400
Battle of Crécy English French • Commanded by Edward III • Commanded by Philip VI • 3, 000 knights and men-at-arms • 10, 000 English archers • 4, 000 Welsh light troops • • – (one half were archers) • 3, 000 misc. troops 12, 000 knights and men-at-arms 6, 000 Genoese crossbowmen 17, 000 light cavalry 25, 000 feudal militia
“This was probably the best-organized, most-experienced, and best-disciplined force gathered in Western Europe since the days of the Roman legion. ”
Losses English French • 2 knights • 40 men-at-arms • “A few dozen” Welsh infantrymen • Philip VI WIA • King John of Bohemia • Total: c. 200 dead and wounded • 1, 542 nobles and knights • 10, 000 -20, 000 others • “Thousands” of horses KIA
• “In a purely military sense. . . this was one of the most decisive battles in world history. . Since the time of Crécy, infantry has remained the primary element of ground combat forces. ”
1346 -1347: Siege and capture of Calais
• 1347 -1354: Truce • 1355: Resumption of the war. • August-September 1356 – Raid by Prince Edward – 19 September: Battle of Poitiers
English French • Commanded by Prince Edward “The Black Prince” • Commanded by John II • • 4, 000 knights and men-at-arms 4, 000 light cavalry 3, 000 English archers 1, 000 light infantry • • • 8, 000 knights and men-at-arms 8, 000 light cavalry 2, 000 crossbowmen 2, 500 infantry 15, 000 feudal militia
Losses English French • c. 1, 000 KIA • John II • c. 1, 000 WIA • 2, 500 KIA POW • 2, 600 POW
• September-October 1356: English withdraw. • 1356 -1360: English raids. • 1360: Peace of Bretigny – John ransomed for 3 million “gold crowns” (c. $60 million today) • 1360 -1367: Peace
• • 1364: 1376: 1377: 1380: John II dies Prince Edward dies Edward III dies Charles V dies • 1396: Peace of Paris between Richard II and Charles VI 30 year peace • 1399: Richard II deposed by Henry Bolingbrooke – becomes Henry IV
Phase II - 1396 -1457 • 1402 -1405: – French support for Scotland Wales – French raid on English coast • Burgundians assassinate Louis, Duke of Orleans • Political chaos in France
• 1413: English alliance with Burgundy • 1415: English invasion of France – 25 October 1415: Agincourt
English French • Commanded by Henry V • Commanded by Charles d’Albert Constable of France • 900 knights and men-at-arms • 8, 000 archers • 30, 000 men – 10, 000 knights and men-at-arms – 1, 200 mounted
Losses English • 13 men-at-arms • 100 footmen French • Charles d’Albert, Constable of France KIA • 5, 000 nobles and knights KIA • 1, 000 nobles and knights POW • c. 5, 000 others KIA
• 1422: Henry V dies – Henry VI weak and eventually insane • 1429: Charles VII crowned in Rheims. • 1429 -1431: Joan of Arc – Captured by the Burgundians – Bought by the English – Tried for heresy and executed
By October 1453 England controls only Calais. In England: War of the Roses 1455 -1485
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