The Hundred Years War 1337 1453 1337 1453

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The Hundred Years’ War 1337 -1453

The Hundred Years’ War 1337 -1453

1337 -1453 n n n Edwardian War 1337 -1453 Caroline War 1369 -1389 Lancaster

1337 -1453 n n n Edwardian War 1337 -1453 Caroline War 1369 -1389 Lancaster War 1415 -1429 Results: national identity Strengthening of French monarchy Weakening of English monarchy n Wars of the Roses

Origins of Anglo-French Conflict n n 911 – Rollo the Viking invaded France and

Origins of Anglo-French Conflict n n 911 – Rollo the Viking invaded France and was appeased by French king Charles the Simple Given the duchy of Normandy – making the Dukes of Normandy titular vassals of the French monarchy

William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy n n Anxious to increase his holdings, William

William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy n n Anxious to increase his holdings, William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and defeated king Harold of Wessex at the Battle of Hastings. The new king of England William I – the Conqueror – was also the vassal of the king of France because of his holdings in Normandy

Henry II of England n Because of marriage alliances – Henry II of England

Henry II of England n Because of marriage alliances – Henry II of England – great-grandson of William I – held most of France: Normandy n Maine n Anjou n Gascony n Aquitaine n

n n By 1324, weaknesses in the English monarchy allowed the French monarchs to

n n By 1324, weaknesses in the English monarchy allowed the French monarchs to reduce English holdings in France to only Gascony Internal French weaknesses made the French vulnerable to a desire by the English to reclaim their lands.

n n Philip III of France d. 1285 Children: n n Philip IV of

n n Philip III of France d. 1285 Children: n n Philip IV of France Charles, Ct. of Valois

n n Philip IV of France “The Fair” d. 1314 Children: n Louis X

n n Philip IV of France “The Fair” d. 1314 Children: n Louis X d. 1316 n n John I 1316 Philip V d. 1322 Charles IV d. 1328 Isabella m. Edward II of England

n After the death of Philip V – the last son of Philip IV

n After the death of Philip V – the last son of Philip IV – the French throne was to have passed to Edward III of England – the son of Philip IV’s daughter Isabella

n Instead, the French nobility named a grandson of Philip III king – Philip

n Instead, the French nobility named a grandson of Philip III king – Philip VI of the House of Valois

n n n 1324 Charles IV defeated the English in Gascony and embarrassed the

n n n 1324 Charles IV defeated the English in Gascony and embarrassed the English monarchy. 1328 Charles IV died and SALIC LAW made the French throne skip the children of Isabella and go to her cousin Philip VI. 1337 – French ships ravaged the English coastline – Philip VI claimed Gascony claiming that Edward III did not fulfill his feudal obligations.

n n Growing capitalism and the importance of the English wool trade – and

n n Growing capitalism and the importance of the English wool trade – and English involvement in the Low Countries and Burgundy – moved Philip to use Genoese ships to destroy English shipping. 17 million French 4 million English 1340 – Battle of Sluys – French fleet defeated by the English – allowing the English to move against France

n n 1346 – Battle of Crecy – English victory using the long bow

n n 1346 – Battle of Crecy – English victory using the long bow 1347 – port city of Calais taken – allowing the English a permanent port for troops and trade

n n n After time off for the Black Death – the war resumed

n n n After time off for the Black Death – the war resumed John II of France – captured 1356 near Poitiers – taken as a prisoner to the Tower of London 1356 – Second Treaty of London – Aquitaine restored to England John’s son Louis exchanged for him

n n n 1358 – Jacquerie – peasant uprising in France against the war

n n n 1358 – Jacquerie – peasant uprising in France against the war and the roaming soldiers who destroyed the countryside when not in service. 1360 – Treaty of Bretigny – Edward III was to renounce his claim to the French throne in exchange for part of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Ponthieu and the allegiance of half of the French king’s vassals. 1362 – John II’s son escaped from London and was replaced by his father who soon died.

n n n Charles V of France 13641380 Charles began to reclaim French lands

n n n Charles V of France 13641380 Charles began to reclaim French lands from Edward – as Edward never renounced his right to the French throne. English losses and in 1377 the death of Edward III and Edward, the Black Prince – Prince of Wales

Edward, Prince of Wales- the Black Prince

Edward, Prince of Wales- the Black Prince

n n Peace of Bretigny 1360

n n Peace of Bretigny 1360

After Edward III n n n Edward III died in 1377 His heir was

After Edward III n n n Edward III died in 1377 His heir was the infant son of his eldest son – Edward, the Black Prince. Richard II

n n Richard II faced problems from his manipulative uncles – especially John of

n n Richard II faced problems from his manipulative uncles – especially John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster. He also faced a peasant uprising from Wat Tyler

n n Richard II was a weak king and was usurped by his cousin,

n n Richard II was a weak king and was usurped by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke – son of John of Gaunt. The weaknesses in the English monarchy inspired the French to attack – violating the Peace of Bretigny.

n n n Henry IV was succeeded in 1413 by his son – Henry

n n n Henry IV was succeeded in 1413 by his son – Henry V who battled the French. He allied England with Burgundy Agincourt 1415 1420 Treaty of Troyes – named Henry heir to Charles VI Married Katherine of Valois – daughter of Charles VI

n n n 1422 – Henry V and Charles VI died within months of

n n n 1422 – Henry V and Charles VI died within months of each other. In Paris, the infant Henry VI was proclaimed King of France BUT – his uncle – the dauphin – proclaimed himself Charles VII

n n n The Dauphin (Charles VII) was inspired to renew the fight for

n n n The Dauphin (Charles VII) was inspired to renew the fight for his throne against the English and Burgundians by a peasant girl – Joan of Arc. Battle of Orleans Inquisition – burned 1431

n 1453

n 1453

Black Death Slows Down the War

Black Death Slows Down the War

n Some physicians dressed like this in order to avoid contracting the plague.

n Some physicians dressed like this in order to avoid contracting the plague.