The Human Body in Health and Illness 4
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4 th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 6: Tissues and Membranes
Lesson 6 -1 Objectives • • List the four basic types of tissues. Describe the functions of epithelial tissue. Explain how epithelial tissue is classified. Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Types of Tissues • Tissues: Groups of cells that are similar to one another in structure and function • Histology: Study of tissues • Four major types of tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Nervous – Muscular Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Epithelial Tissue Functions • • • Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion Transportation Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Traits of Epithelial Tissue • Forms continuous sheets, like floor tiles • Outer surface unattached • Undersurface attached to basement membrane • Avascular • Well-nourished, regenerates quickly Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Types of Epithelial Tissue • Classification according to shape – Squamous – Cuboidal – Columnar Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Layers of Epithelial Tissue • Classified according to number of layers – Simple epithelium – Stratified epithelium Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. . 7
Location of Epithelial Tissues Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Glandular Epithelia • Exocrine glands • Endocrine glands Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Lesson 6 -2 Objectives • Describe the functions of connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. • List the types of epithelial and connective tissue membranes. • Differentiate between mucous and serous membranes. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Functions of Connective Tissue • • • Connection Support Protection Fat storage Transportation Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Characteristics of Connective Tissue • Intercellular matrix – Abundant – Varies from liquid to hard • Most is well vascularized. – Exceptions: Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage • Presence and amount of protein fibers vary. – Collagen – Elastin – Reticular fibers (fine collagen) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Types of Connective Tissue • Loose – Areolar, adipose, reticular • Dense fibrous(tendons, ligaments, capsules, and fascia) – Capsules – tough sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounds the kidneys and liver – Fascia – sheet of tissue covering muscles, blood vessels, and nerves Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Types of Connective Tissue continued • Cartilage – Hyaline(larynx, ends of long bones at joints, the nose, and area between the breastbone and the ribs), fibrocartilage(between vertebrae and in joints of the knee), elastic(vocal cords) • Bone –osseous tissue – Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes. – Osteoblasts secrete the intercellular matrix • Blood and lymph – liquid intercellular matrix – Blood’s intercellular matrix is called plasma. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Locations of Connective Tissue Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Nervous Tissue • Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves • Two types of cells – Neurons – Neuroglia – cells that support and take care of the neurons Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Muscle Tissue • Composed of cells (fibers) that contract to cause movement of a body part. • Three types of muscle – Skeletal muscle – striated – Smooth muscle – no striations – Cardiac muscle – are branched and connected in complex networks. Found on in the heart. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Locations of Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. . 18
Tissue Repair • Regeneration: Replacement of tissue via mitosis • Fibrosis: Replacement of injured tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) • Keloid scarring: Excessive fibrosis • Damaged skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue are replaced by scar tissue. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Steps in Tissue Repair 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wound Clot and scab Tissue repair begins Scar tissue forms Epithelial cells multiply 6. Scab detaches Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Membranes • Thin sheets of tissue that – Cover surfaces – Line body cavities – Surround organs • Classification of membranes – Epithelial – Connective (described in later chapters) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21
Cutaneous Membrane: Skin Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Connective Tissue Membranes • • • Synovial (lines joints) Periosteum (lines bones) Perichondrium (lines cartilage) Meninges (lines central nervous system) Fascia (found throughout the body) This is from table 6 -3 on page 89. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23
Cutaneous Membrane • The skin • The outer layer is stratified squamous epithelium. • The underlying layer is fibrous connective tissue. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24
Mucous Membranes • Line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive) • Mostly stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium. • Functions: absorption and secretion • Secretes mucous to keep membranes moist and lubricated. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25
Serous Membranes • Line ventral body cavities that do not open to the exterior • Pleura (around lungs) – Parietal and visceral • Pericardium (around heart) • Peritoneum (abdominal) – Parietal and visceral Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26
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