The Human Body in Health and Illness 4
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4 th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body 1
Lesson 1 -1 Objectives • Define the terms anatomy and physiology. • List the levels of organization of the human body. • Describe the 12 major organ systems. • Define homeostasis. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body • Physiology: The branch of science that describes how the body functions • Structure and function are closely related. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
The Body’s Levels of Organization • Organization from simple to complex – Atoms – Molecules – Cells – Tissues – Organ systems – Human organism Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Major Organ Systems • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory • • • Lymphatic Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Major Organ Systems (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Major Organ Systems (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7
Major Organ Systems (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Major Organ Systems (cont’d. ) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Homeostasis: Staying the Same • Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment • Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain homeostasis. • Homeostatic imbalance is associated with various disorders. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Lesson 1 -2 Objectives • Describe the anatomical position. • List common terms used for relative positions of the body. • Describe three major planes of the body. • List anatomical terms for regions of the body. • Describe the major cavities of the body. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Anatomical Position • • Standing erect Face forward Arms at sides Toes and palms directed forward Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Relative Positions • Pairs of directional terms – Superior and inferior: above/below – Anterior and posterior: toward front/toward back – Medial and lateral: toward/away midline – Proximal and distal: near/far point of attachment – Superficial and deep: near/away from surface – Central and peripheral: near/away from center Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Planes and Sections of the Body • Sagittal plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions. • Frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. • Transverse plane divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Regional Terms Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Cavities of the Body • Dorsal cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal (vertebral) cavity • Ventral cavity – Thoracic cavity • Pleural cavities • Mediastinum – Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Cavities of the Body (cont’d. ) • Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity – Four quadrants – Nine regions Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
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