The Human Body in Health and Illness 4
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4 th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 18: Anatomy of the Blood Vessels 1
Lesson 18 -1 Objectives • Describe the pulmonary and systemic circulations. • Describe the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. • List the three layers of tissue found in arteries and veins. • Explain the functions of conductance, resistance, exchange, and capacitance vessels. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Circles, Circuits, and Circulation Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Types of Blood Vessels • Arteries – Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins – Venules Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Blood Vessel Walls: Layers • Tunica intima – Endothelium • Tunica media – Elastic tissue and smooth muscle • Tunica adventitia – Connective tissue Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Blood Vessels: Functions • • Arteries: Conductance vessels Arterioles: Resistance vessels Capillaries: Exchange vessels Veins and venules: Capacitance vessels Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Lesson 18 -2 Objectives • List the major arteries of the systemic circulation that are branches of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. • List the major veins of the systematic circulation. • Describe the following special circulations: Blood supply to the head and brain, hepatic circulation, and fetal circulation. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7
Naming the Aorta: Two Systems • Aorta – Ascending – Arch – Descending • Aorta – Thoracic – Abdominal Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Branches of Aorta: Ascending and Arch • Ascending aorta – Left and right coronary arteries • Aortic arch – Brachiocephalic – Left common carotid – Left subclavian artery Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Major Arteries of Shoulders and Upper Extremities • • • Subclavian Axillary Brachial Radial Ulnar Arteries to the hand Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Branches of the Aorta: Descending • Thoracic – Intercostal – Other arteries • Abdominal – Celiac trunk – Mesenteric arteries – Renal arteries – Common iliacs Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Major Arteries of the Lower Extremities External iliac Femoral Popliteal Anterior and posterior tibial • Dorsalis pedis • • Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation • Superior vena cava (SVC) – Drains head, shoulders, upper extremities • Inferior vena cava (IVC) – Drains all regions below diaphragm Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Veins Draining into the SVC • • Ulnar and radial Median cubital Basilic and cephalic Brachial Axillary Subclavian Brachiocephalic Jugulars (drain brain) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Veins Draining into the IVC • Tibial, peroneal • Popliteal • Femoral, saphenous • External iliac • Common iliac • Renal • Hepatic Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Special Circulations • Blood supply to the head and brain • Blood supply to the liver • Fetal circulation Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Blood Supply to Head and Brain • Carotid arteries – Right and left common carotid – External and internal carotid • Vertebral arteries – Right and left vertebral • Circle of Willis Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Brain’s Blood Supply: Circle of Willis • Found in base of brain • Left and right internal carotid arteries • Vertebral arteries – Basilar artery Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Venous Drainage of Head and Brain • External and internal jugular veins • Vertebral veins • Subclavian veins Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Special Circulation: Liver • Portal vein carries unoxygenated blood from organs of digestion. • Hepatic vein carries blood from liver to IVC. • Hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to liver. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Fetal Circulation: Heart Modification • Foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium to left atrium. • Ductus arteriosus is a connection between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21
Fetal Circulation: Periphery • Umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus. • Ductus venosus bypasses fetal liver to deliver blood to IVC. • Two umbilical arteries bring blood from fetus to placenta. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Assessment at Pulse Points • • Heart rate Rhythm Strength Adequacy of blood flow Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23
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