The Human Body An Orientation The Human Body
The Human Body: An Orientation
The Human Body – An Orientation o Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts o Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Anatomy – Levels of Study o Gross Anatomy n Large structures n Easily observable
Anatomy – Levels of Study o Microscopic Anatomy n Very small structures n Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14. 4
Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1. 1
Organ System Overview 1. Integumentary Body covering. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands. Function: protect underlying tissues and regulate body temperature 2. Skeletal Bones, ligaments, cartilage Function: Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells 3. Muscular Muscles of the body Function: Movement, maintenance of posture, production of body heat 4. Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves through the body Function: Communication throughout body, mental activities, maintaining homeostasis 5. Endocrine Ductless glands = pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, pineal glands Function: Secretion of hormones, communication between body parts 6. Digestive Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, and many glands including the pancreas Function: Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed (digestion). 7. Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood. Function: Transports materials throughout the body. *Lymphatic system usually included with the circulatory system Figure 1. 2 a
Organ System Overview 8. Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Function: Removes ("filters") wastes from the blood and helps maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance 9. Reproductive organs, primarily the ovaries (females) and testes (males) Function: Produce special reproductive cells for reproduction
Organ System Overview o Skeletal Figure 1. 2 b
Organ System Overview o Muscular Figure 1. 2 c
Organ System Overview o Nervous Figure 1. 2 d
Organ System Overview o Endocrine Figure 1. 2 e
Organ System Overview o Cardiovascular Figure 1. 2 f
Organ System Overview o Lymphatic Figure 1. 2 g
Organ System Overview o Respiratory Figure 1. 2 h
Organ System Overview o Digestive Figure 1. 2 i
Organ System Overview o Urinary Figure 1. 2 j
Organ System Overview o Reproductive Figure 1. 2 k
Necessary Life Functions o Maintain Boundaries o Movement n Locomotion n Movement of substances o Responsiveness n Ability to sense changes and react o Digestion n Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions o Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body n Production of energy n Making body structures o Excretion n Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life Functions o Reproduction n Production of future generation o Growth n Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs o Nutrients n Chemicals for energy and cell building n Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals o Oxygen n Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs o Water n 60– 80% of body weight n Provides for metabolic reaction o Stable body temperature o Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Homeostasis o Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium o Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life o Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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