The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy and Physiology
The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1
The Human Body: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Physiology • study of the structure and shape of the body and its part • study of how the body and its parts function
Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organ Systems
Organ System Overview
Organ System Overview Integumentary System Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Muscular System Skeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System Allows locomotion Protects and supports body organs Fast-acting control system Secretes regulatory hormones Maintains posture Provides muscle attachment for movement Responds to internal and external change Helps control growth, reproduction, and metabolism Site of blood cell formation Activates muscles and glands Produces heat Stores minerals
Organ System Overview (continued) Cardiovascular System Transports materials such as oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body via the blood Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Returns fluids to blood vessels Supplies body with oxygen Breaks down food Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Disposes of debris Removes carbon dioxide Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Maintains p. H balance Eliminates indigestible material Regulates water and electrolytes Involved in immunity Reproductive System Production of offspring
Necessary Life Functions Movement • Locomotion and the movement of substances Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react Digestion • Breakdown and delivery of nutrients Metabolism • Chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy making body structures Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction • Production of future generation Growth • Increasing of cell size and number
Maintaining Homeostasis is maintained through neural and hormonal control systems: Receptor • Senses changes in the environment or stimuli • Sends information to control center Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus
The Language of Anatomy § Anatomical Position § Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body
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