The History of Transportation CULTURE Values Norms TECHNOLOGY

The History of Transportation

CULTURE Values & Norms TECHNOLOGY i. e. Transportation

Coast Miwok Tribe

Coast Miwok Tribe

Coast Miwok Tribe

CULTURE • Contact with env. • Walking • Fishing • Canoes • Carry bigger-heavier loads • Horses • ? ? ? • The arrival of the white man Values & Norms Transportation

Welcome of Francis Drake by Coast Miwok in 1579 Engraving by Theodor de Bry in 1599

Value: The freedom to explore and expand

CULTURE American Values: Freedom to expand explore the • Landscape • Scientific realm • Self Values & Norms ? ? ? Transportation

Agrarian Period Up to the mid – 1800 s • 95% of population (mostly farmers) live in rural areas • Cities are small: 4 -5 miles end to end • People walk or ride horses Cultural influences during this time: • Industrial Revolution • New scientific inventions • Exploring the “New World”

Soft drink Revolver 18 th-19 th century Printing press Refrigerator Dishwasher Inventions Cement Safety pin Refrigerator Steam engine Fax Steam ship Machine gun Vaccinations Submarine Hot dogs Calculator Stapler Hot air balloon Tin can Tires Bicycle Dynamite Sewing machine Steam locomotive Matches Flush toilet Traffic lights Parachute Paper Rubber Ambulance Plastic Battery Camera

Industrial Period Late 1800 s to mid 1900 s Industrial revolution Massive migration to US Movement to cities close to manufacturing jobs Population growth Cities size grow Transportation needs change 50% pop. Lives in the city Horses Trolley cars Response to Congestion: Elevating streetcars (Chicago) and bellow street (NY) Trains In 20 years US railroad system grows from 2, 818 mi. of track to more than 30, 000 mi. Buses Intracity and continental lines Cars 1920: 3. 5 million vehicles in US 1994: 195. 5 million vehicles in US 469. 5 million in the world 45, 500 miles of interstate HWY authorized to be developed

Industrial Period in Marin A county emerges… • • • 1850 California became a state with Marin as one of the original counties. 1880’s and 1890’s, steam-ships and ferries introduced. 1896 a rail-line built to ascend Mt. Tam and extended to reach dairy farms in West Marin.

Industrial Period in Marin Arrival of the motor age… • • • October 1908, Ford Motor Company introduced the Model T automobile. In 19 years of production, nearly 15. 5 million were sold in the United States alone. May 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to vehicular traffic.

CULTURE American Values: Freedom, expand explore : • Landscape • Scientific realm • Self Values & Norms • More train tracks • More & bigger roads • More & bigger vehicles • More people on the road • Longer trips Transportation

Service/Information Period Mid 1900 s to the present Moving from the city to the suburbs. 1980: 2007: Typical family had 1 car Typical family has 2. 5 cars Europe 2007: 45% trips by walking, biking 10% Public Transportation USA 2007: 87% trips by car 3% Public transportation

Service/Information Period in Marin The Development of Highway 101 and the Formation of Golden Gate Transit • • • 1941 – initial 2 mile stretch of 4 lane highway built Today – 8 lane highway from Sausalito through Novato Currently – Carpool lanes run along entire stretch with gap between Corte Madera and San Rafael • • 1969 – State Legislature mandated development of public transportation system from SF through Marin Today – Golden Gate Bus and Ferry system runs 24 commute bus routes and 16 ferry feeder service routes plus ferry service from Larkspur and Sausalito to San Francisco

CULTURE • Know new places • Better & faster communication • More independent • Traffic congestions, • Stress and health • Safety hazards problems delays • More train tracks • More & bigger roads • More & bigger vehicles • More people on the road • Longer trips • Sedentary culture Values & Norms Transportation

The Shadow Side of the Motor Age Congestion Delays, frustration, stress Obesity and health problems Safety hazards

CULTURE • Get to distant places • Better & faster communication • More independent • Traffic congestions, delays • Stress and health • Safety hazards problems • Sedentary culture • More train tracks • More & bigger roads • More & bigger vehicles • More people on the road • Longer trips Higher use of energy Values & Norms Transportation Demand Supply Demand

CULTURE Higher use of energy • High use of fossil fuels • Pollutio • n. Large emissions of Co 2 (Global Climate Change) • Bigger & toxic landfills • Use of more land • More train tracks • More & bigger roads • More & bigger vehicles • More people on the road • Longer trips Relationship with environment? Values & Norms Transportation

True Costs of Automobile Usage • • Personal Costs Social Costs Governmental Costs Environmental Costs

Sounds of modern transportation

The Birth of a Model Public Transit System Los Angeles Electric Rail System l l l Safe, clean, quiet, fast, frequent, ontime, and relatively cheap 1, 000 miles of track 80 million passengers served in a single year

The Death of a Model Public Transit System l l l In 1939, a consortium of auto-related companies set up holding company in order to: Buy up trolley lines Dismantle tracks / Destroy trolleys Replace with dieselburning buses Steer people away from public transit and into private cars

Bay Area Electric Rail Suffers Same Fate l l l 1903 – Key Electric Rail System commences in East Bay 1924 – 800 Trains a day brought passengers to ferry boats 1939 – Trains run across Bay Bridge 1903 to 1941 – Northwestern Pacific Electric Trains serve Marin County 1905 to 1941 – trains ran 180 miles from Oakland to Chico, the longest electric interurban run in the country

Robber Barons l l l Late 1800 s it was the railroads that were considered the powerbrokers Huge kickbacks and political influence Government Land Grants Labor intimidation and use of immigrant labor Rise of Corporations Economic collapse

Some International Comparisons • Europeans make 40 – 50% of all trips by walking or biking • US Americans make 87% of all trips by private car Percentage of commuters biking to work: Japan 15% Netherlands 50% China 77% USA 1. 6%

Good Models • • • Bike Parking Yellow (loaner) bike programs Bicycle friendly streets for all sorts of biking

Car Free Zones

Multi-Modal

Measure A November 2004, Marin residents approved Measure A, a landmark sales tax measure dedicating funds for local transportation projects. Measure A provides for: Expanded bus service • Highway 101 HOV (carpool) lane completion • Roadway improvements • (for cars, bikes and pedestrians) • Safer routes to schools

Marin in the 21 st century • • • May 2001 – County Bicycle Pedestrian Master Plan adopted Ten cities have adopted Bicycle Plans or Bicycle/Pedestrian plans $40 Million in grants have come to Marin since adoption of these plans

Marin Granted $25 Million As Model Bike and Pedestrian Community • 2005 – Marin was selected as one of 4 US communities to serve as a model Non. Motorized Transportation Program to demonstrate that investment in safe, integrated and complete bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure will result in reducing congestion and pollution, improving mobility and the environment and enhancing the health and livability of communities.

Marin County’s Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan • • • System of flat North. South and East-West separated bike paths Details for safer routes to schools Adequate bicycle parking Educational programs Swift street connections in and between Marin’s 11 towns

The Art of Biking in Marin

New values & norms? New modes Of Transportation?