The History of International Relations Yang Li liyangshisu

The History of International Relations Yang Li liyang@shisu. edu. c n 15216850857

International relations Interpersonal relations

What is IR? Everything happened before seemed to be unrelated. And from a cerntain moment onwards, the whole world became one. What happened in Italy and Lybia were interwined with events in Asia and Greece. Blood ties, which used to be the fondation of ancient human society, was replaced by a new and innovative rule for social agglomeration. This was completely a result of appoachment in time and space. ——W. H. Macneil International relations, IR, is a new study after the WWII.

What is IR? • A branch of political science which focuses on the study of interactions, ranging from history to environmental studies; • A study of conflict and cooperation by international actors, as furthered by the development and tesing of hypotheses about international outcomes; • A study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and multinational corporations;

What is IR? • On a daily basis: watching news, voting, buying or boycotting, recycling etc. • On our lives: communication and transport technology, contacting with people / places / products / opputunities and ideas from other countries. • Broad and complex variables: primary participants, nongovernmental participants, domestic events, economics, geography, culture, etc. • Vast and multicolored phenomena: international conferences, comings and goings of diplomats, signing of treaties, deployment of military forces,

Some reflections on IR? Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations BOOK 6 verse 36 Asia, Europe are corners of the universe: all the sea a drop in the universe; Athos a little clod of the universe: all the present time is a point in eternity. BOOK 9 verse 9：All things which participate in anything which is common to them all move towards that which is of the same kind with themselves. Everything which is earthy turns towards the earth, everything which is liquid flows together, and everything which is of an aerial kind does the same, so that they require something to keep them asunder, and the application of force. …… Accordingly then everything also which participates in the common intelligent nature moves in like manner towards that which is of the same kind with itself, or moves even more. For so much as it is superior in comparison with all other things, in the same degree also is it more ready to mingle with and to be fused with that which is akin to it. Accordingly among animals devoid of reason we find swarms of bees, and herds of cattle, and the nurture of young birds, and in a manner, loves; for even in animals there are souls, and that power which brings them together is seen to exert itself in the superior degree, and in such a way as never has been observed in plants nor in stones nor in trees. But in rational animals there are political communities and friendships, and families and meetings of people; and in wars, treaties and

Some reflections on IR? Cicero, De Officiis, BOOK 3 53 Then, too, there a great many degrees of closeness or remoteness in human society. To proceed beyond the universal bond of our common humanity, there is the closer one of belonging to the same people, tribe, and tongue, by which men are very closely bound together; it is a still closer realation to be citizens of the same city-state; for fellow-citizens hava much in common – forum, temples, colonnades, streets, statutes, laws, courts, rights of suffrage, to say nothing of social and friendly circles and diverse business relations with many…… 57 But when with a rational spirit many you have surveyed the whole field, there is no social relation among them all more close, none more dear than that which links each one of us with our country.

Some reflections on IR? Every country in this land must have relations with others. Every country’s existence and perishement have something to do with its neighboring countries.

Some reflections on IR? When the nation states were developing, each one of them tried every possible means of military and diplomacy, in the hope of expanding its territories and political influences. raison d’Etat Niccolò Machiavelli Jean Bodin Hugo Grotius

History & IR H i s t o r y IR History IR

What is the history of IR? The history of international relations is actually the history of the development, mature and perfection of human society. BACKGROUND UNIT IR

How to study the history of IR? “acurate sense of reality and deep thought of history” to develop a intimate relationship with historical materials and explore the happiness reading them； to develop different tools helping with the study； to pay attention to the world news and comments； to get familiar with as many as possible media station and know their stand well；

Course requirements Geographical knowledge and map reading Research, read analyzing Result＝performance on class（50％）＋ final examination（50％） Class performance：news report each week Final examination：word definition, map blank filling, and questions and answering

Readings � C. Buffet & B. Heuser, Haunted by History. Myths in International Relations, Oxford, 1998. � Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford, 2008. � K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, New York, 1979

Interactions in early times

Interactions in early times

THREE breakthroughs Material exchange between two groups, 40000 BC International relation 1. 0 (birth of states), 5500 BC International relation 2. 0 (Westphalia Treaty), 1648 AD

International relations v 1. 0 • originated from setteled area (city state and empire) where the preinternational relation was more developed and population was more crowed • originated from nomadic area (steppe and desert) with less population and less developed u Technology development: wheels, roads, seaways, animal raising (helping with riding and loading) u Social development: languages, writing, religion, money, loan system, commerce, diplomacy, population growing

International relations v 1. 0 • The city-states • Sumer • Greek • The Chinese Warring States • The Roman empire

International relations v 1. 0 • The city-states • Sumer • Greek • The Chinese Warring States • The Roman empire

International relations v 1. 0 • The city-states • Sumer • Greek • The Chinese Warring States • The Roman empire

From city state to empire agriculture population transportation EMPIR E

International relations v 1. 0 • The city-states • Sumer • Greek • The Roman empire • The Chinese Warring States

International relations v 1. 5 • Silkroad

International relations v 1. 5 • Silkroad The ancient transportation between the east and west started with the silk trade. It was silk that brought China to the western people’s mind. In the west, silk product was named serge, so they called China serica, and Chinese seres. SER, was a imported pronunciation of silk in Chinese. GE, was a suffix adding to it. – Jieqin Zhu, Collection of Essays on the History of Chinese Foreign Relations Serica, a people living long lives, usually more than 200 years, were settled along the east coast.

The whole world becoming one Technology change Social change Animal & wheels Language & letters Horse riding Religion Road building Diplomacy

International relations v 1. 8 East-Asia Tributary System Muslim World European States

五服体系 five degrees of service to the king 500 Li

International relations v 1. 8 • East-Asia Tributary System

International relations v 1. 8 • Muslim World

International relations v 1. 8 • European States

International relations v 1. 9 Decline of Portugal Uprising of England, France & Holland imperialis capitalis m m

International relations v 2. 0 is coming… • Renaissance • Reformation • Great Discovery • Nation State

The Great Discovery Theoretically, just as proved by the Chinese and Europeans in the 15 th century, ship opened the era for the intercontinental economic and military contact and thus created a global international system. – Barry Buzan, Richard Little, International System in the World History The discovery of America and the route to East Indie from Good Hope Cape were the biggest and most important two things in human history. – Adam Smith The Land ties the people to numerous depending relations, while the sea encourages people to jump over the bounds of narrow mind actions. – Henry Kessinger, On China