The History of GIS FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

The History of GIS

FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Research Frontier (Late 50’s to Mid 70’s)

Research Frontier a. b. c. d. Individual-led developments Limited international collaboration Lack of data in machine-readable form Lack of computing resources 1958 Roger Tomlinson The “father” of GIS 1968

Research Frontier • Jack Dangermond • Founded ESRI in 1969 Environmental Systems Research Institute

FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Research Frontier (Late 50’s to Mid 70’s) 2. Experimentation and Practice (Early 70’s to Early 80’s)

Experimentation and Practice a. b. c. d. National agencies drive development Government-funded research Formal scientific experiments Role of the individual diminished 1970 1972 Landsat SPOT - 1986

FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Research Frontier (Late 50’s to Mid 70’s) 2. Experimentation and Practice (Early 70’s to Early 80’s) 3. Commercial Phase (The 80’s)

Commercial Phase a. Corporate software development b. Isolated systems and datasets

FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Research Frontier (Late 50’s to Mid 70’s) 2. Experimentation and Practice (Early 70’s to Early 80’s) 3. Commercial Phase (The 80’s) 4. User Dominance (The 90’s)

User Dominance a. Strong competition among vendors b. Distributed databases c. Network Accessibility

FIVE PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Research Frontier (Late 50’s to Mid 70’s) 2. Experimentation and Practice (Early 70’s to Early 80’s) 3. Commercial Phase (The 80’s) 4. User Dominance (The 90’s) 5. Web-Based Internet GIS and GIScience (The 00’s)

Web-Based Internet GIS & GIScience a. b. c. d. e. Fully-distributed architecture Focus on interoperability Mobile GIS Research on best practices for GIS VGI – Volunteer Geographic Information a. Ex: Wikimapia