The history of cosmic gammaray burst observations Rafail

The history of cosmic gamma-ray burst observations Rafail Aptekar Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 1

Gamma-ray burs discovery o Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were discovered in the end of 1967 -x by detectors onboard Vela 4 spacecraft (0. 1 -1 Me. V energy band). o Further detections onboard Vela 5, 6 (Klebesadel et al. , 1973). 2

History of GRB observations at Ioffe Institute o One of the first independent confirmation of the GRB discovery. A gamma-ray detector on Kosmos-461 s/c detected GRB 720117 from the Vela catalog (Mazets et. al. , JETP Letters 19, 126, 1974) 3

The Konus experiments on board the Venera 11 to 14 deep space missions in 1979 to 1983 Left: determination of the source direction of a gamma burst with a system of gamma detectors with anisotropic angular sensitivity; Right: Block diagram of the Konus instrumentation. A sensor system of six scintillation detectors with a close to cosine angular sensitivity pattern arranged along six axes of the spacecraft.

History of GRB observations at Ioffe Institute o ~150 GRBs were detected in the KONUS experiments on board Venera 11 -14 missions in 1979 -1983. o Discovery of a bimodality in the GRB duration distribution and an isotropy of spatial distribution of their sources. Mazets et al. , Ap&SS 80, 3 (1981) Mazets & Golenetskii, Sov. Sci. Rev. , Sect. E 6, 3, 281 (1981) 5

History of GRB observations at Ioffe Institute o The first evidence of hardness-intensity correlations in GRBs (Venera 13 -14 missions; Golenetskii et al. , Nature, 1983) “Golenetskii” Relation 6

History of GRB observations at Ioffe Institute o The pioneer studies of Soft Gamma-ray repeaters (Venera 11 -12, Venera 13 -14) o Giant Flare on March 5, 1979 (top, Mazets et al. , Nature, 1979) followed by 16 short bursts from the same source in the next few years (bottom, Golenetskii, Il’inskii & Mazets 1984, consistent with Evans et al. , IAU Circ. , 1979) FXP 0526 -66 = SGR 0526 -66 (N 49, LMC, 55 kpc; Cline et al. , Ap. J, 1982) o B 1900+14 = SGR 1900+14 (3 bursts in March 1979, Mazets, Golenetskij, & Guryan, Ast. Lett. , 1979) o First two sources of short recurrent bursts with soft spectra were discovered and localized, a distinct class of sources different from other GRBs suggested (Golenetskii, Il’inskii & Mazets, Nature, 1984) o SGR 1806 -20 (Prognoz 9, ICE, SMM) Atteia et al. Ap. J, 1987, Laros et al. , Ap. J, 1987, Kouveliotou et al. , Ap. J, 1987 1 st Konus burst on Jan 7, 1979! 7

Joint Russian-US Konus-Wind experiment The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA scientific s/c launched on November 1, 1994. 22 years of continuous operation (!) Mission is operated from GSFC. Now the satellite is on orbit near L 1, up to 2. 1 million km (~7 light s) from Earth. The Konus-Wind (KW) is a joint Russian-American experiment aimed primarily at GRB and SGR studies. The KW gamma-ray spectrometer is designed and manufactured at Ioffe Institute (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) The first Russian scientific instrument onboard an American satellite.

Konus-Wind GRBs with known redshifts Black: Konus-Wind, Blue: ‘Pi of the Sky’, Red: TORTORA (Racusin et al. , Nature, 2008) GRB 080319 B: z=0. 937, Liso, peak 1053 erg s-1, E , iso 1054 erg, E 4 1050 erg ( 0. 2 o, 4 o)

Konus-Wind and Gelikon-Coronas observations of giant flare of SGR 1806 -20

Konus-Wind and Gelikon-Coronas observations of giant flare of SGR 1806 -20 Reconstructed light curve of the initial pulse S=0. 6 erg cm-2, Fmax = 9 erg cm-2 s-1 The full isotropic energy release Q=2. 3× 1046 erg and the peak luminosity L=3. 5× 1047 erg s-1 The giant flare is ~100 times brighter than of SGR 1900+14 GF! The pulsating tail energetics was similar to that of the two previous GFs. Due to the enormous luminosity of the initial pulse, GFs can be detected from SGRs in nearby galaxies Frederiks et al. , Ast. Lett. (2007)

Konus-Wind observations of ultra-long GRBs • • Wind orbit is far from the Earth magnetosphere (at distance of 1 -7 light seconds) that enables nearly uninterrupted observations of all sky under very stable background. Only restricted number of ultra-long GRBs (with durations > 1000 s) have been reported to date. GRB 971208. d. T ~2500 s S 3 10 -4 erg cm -2 GRB 091024. d. T ~1200 s, z=1. 092, GRB 111209 A. d. T >7000 s (!!!) z=0. 677, S 1 10 -4 erg cm S 5 10 -4 erg cm E iso 3 10 53 erg -2 , E iso 6 10 53 erg -2 ,

Professor Evgeny Mazets (1929 – 2013) One of the first independent confirmation of the GRB discovery: Kosmos 461 observation of GRB 720117 from Vela catalogue (Mazets et al. JETP Lett. , 1974) o Suggested and implemented a principle of autonomous burst localization using a system of detectors with anisotropic angular sensitivity (Konus on Venera 11, 12: Mazets & Golenetskii, Ap&SS, 1981) o The first catalog of GRBs – 143 bursts (Venera 11, 12 missions) and the discovery of a separate class of short GRBs (Mazets et al. , Ap&SS, 1981) o Hardness-intensity correlation in GRBs (Golenetskii, Mazets et al. , Nature, 1983) o Discovery of SGRs (March 5, 1979 Giant Flare from SGR 0526 -66: Mazets et al. Nature 1979; repeated bursts from SGR 0526 -66 and SGR 1900+14 : Golenetskii, Mazets, et al. 1979; Mazets et al. , PAZh 1979) PI of 24 space-based experiments in 1960 s - 2010 s o Konus-Wind – the first Russian instrument onboard a US s/c o Physics – Uspekhi, 56, 1150 (2013) 13

BATSE experiment asfsdf

BATSE experiment o o o In low Earth orbit from 1991 April – 2000 June (9 years) Energy range 20 ke. V – 2 Me. V 8 Na. I detectors provided localization accuracy of ~4 deg. Detected ~3000 GRBs Main results: - confirmation of GRB isotropy discovered by Konus on Veneras - discovery of hardness-duration bimodality - universal GRB spectral shape (smoothly broken power-law) was proposed by Band et al. (1995) Kouveliotou et al. (1993) 15

BATSE obtained position the positions of ~ 3000 GRBs and showed that they were uniformly distributed on the sky BАТСЕ, CGRO, Ap. J. , 1996

Beppo. SAX experiment o o o In low Earth orbit from 1996 April – 2002 April (6 years) Energy range 0. 1 – 300 ke. V X-ray Wide Field Camera with localization accuracy of ~1’ Detected ~1000 GRBs The first GRB afterglow discovery! Wide Field Camera Fruchter et al. , 1999 Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor Costa et al. , 1997 17

Swift space observatory o Neil Gehrels (1952 - 2017) was the Principal Investigator of the Swift mission and Deputy Project Scientist for the Fermi observatory. Swift is a three-instrument satellite launched in 2004 and designed to study GRBs and their afterglows. The mission has characterized the afterglow and origin of short GRB for the first time, determine the shape of the X-ray and optical afterglow lightcurves to great precision and with large statistics (>1000 GRBs), provided a comprehensive data set of UV observation of supernova, and discovered X-ray outbursts from supernova shock breakouts and relativistically beamed tidal disruption events. Swift mission plays an important role in the modern study of GRBs

Swift space observatory o In low Earth orbit since 2004 November. o Instruments: o Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) 15 -150 ke. V, Fo. V 1. 4 sr, 2000 cm 2, loc. accuracy ~1 -3 arcmin, Fmin~10 -8 erg/cm 2/s o X-ray Telescope (XRT) 0. 2 -10 ke. V, Fo. V 23 arcmin, loc. accuracy ~arcsec o Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) 170 -600 nm BAT Burst Image XRT Image UVOT Image BAT Error Circle T < 10 s < 4' T < 100 s < 5'' T < 300 s 19

First short GRB X-ray afterglow and host galaxy o GRB 050509 B detected and localized by Swift BAT and XRT (BAT – 3' and XRT 9. 3" accuracy) o T 90= 40± 4 ms, Fluence of (9. 5± 2. 5) 10 -9 erg cm-2 o The elliptical galaxy at redshift z = 0. 225 was proposed as a host. VLT image Gehrels et al. (2005) 20

Fermi space observatory o In low Earth orbit since 2008 March o Instruments: o Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), 10 ke. V – 30 Me. V, Fo. V ~2π, Seff~ 100 cm 2 (single Na. I), localization accuracy ~10°. o Large Area Telescope (LAT), 20 Me. V – 300 Ge. V, Fo. V ~2. 4 sr, Seff~9500 cm 2, localization accuracy ~0. 1°. GBM LAT Bissaldi et al. , 2009 21

Hard γ-ray emission from GRBs o > 130 GRBs detected by Fermi-LAT (>40 Мэ. В), ~10 has additional hard spectral component in GBM+LAT data. o GRB 090926 A (z=2. 1). Inerval “c”: Band α=-0. 6, β=-2. 6, Ep=260 ke. V; CPL α= -1. 7, Ecut = 1. 4 Ge. V Ackermann et al. , 2011 22

Inter. Planetary Network o The 3 rd IPN is in operation since 1990. o At present time consists of 7 s/c: AGILE, Fermi, RHESSI, and Swift (at low earth orbits); INTEGRAL (at the elongated oribit up to 0. 5 lt-s); Wind (up to 7 lt-s) and Mars Odyssey (Mars, up to 1200 lt-s) o Included also: MESSENGER, Suzaku, BATSE, Ulysses, etc. o Continuous full sky monitor with sensitivity of ~10 -6 erg cm-2 (~1 phot. cm-2) o KW has the highest time resolution, sensitivity, and clock accuracy among distant s/c, that often enables to triangulate GRBs with near-Earth s/c to narrow annuli. K. Hurley, http: //www. ssl. berkeley. edu/ipn 3/ 23

Thank you! 24