The GSI Future Project Helmut Koch RuhrUniversitt Bochum

The GSI Future Project Helmut Koch Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bonn, Januar 9, 2003 H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

The GSI- Future Project – Overview on the Project – Radioactive Beams (RIB) – Study of Free Hadrons and Hadrons in Nuclear Matter (PANDA) – Study of Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) – Plasma Physics Heating with Ions – Atomic Physics with Heavy Ions Extreme QED – Applications Cancer Therapy, Ion Implantation, … – Physics with RIB´s – Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams (Charm Sector) – High Precicion Study of Charmonium States – Search for Exotic States (Glueballs, Charmed Hybrids) – Charm Production in Nuclear Matter – Strangeness in Nuclei (Hypernuclear Spectroscopy) – Open Charm Spectroscopy – Baryon Spectroscopy – CP in Charm Sektor – Compressed Matter Studies – Status of the Project – Time Table and Costs – Conclusions H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Physics Topics Nuclear Physics (Radioactive beams) Nuclear Structure: Masses, Radii, Decay Modes of Nuclei far off stability, Super Heavy Nuclei Nucleosynthesis in the Evolution Process of the Universe Fundamental Processes, e. g. (Vud) Hadronic Physics (p-beams, HI-beams) Non perturbative QCD – Origin of Hadron Masses – Confinement – Break down of Chiral Symmetry – Structure of QCD-Vacuum (<0|qq|0> 0) Properties of “free” Hadrons and Exotics (Glueballs, Hybrids) up to M = 6 Ge. V/c 2 (s, c-sector) Hadron Properties in Nuclei (“Normal” Baryon Density, Nucleus) (s, c-sector) Hadron Properties and Reactions in dense Baryonic Matter ( 5 x Nucleus) (s, c-sector) Phase Diagram of QCD H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

GSI Future Facility Primary Beams • 1012/s; 1. 5 Ge. V/u; 238 U 28+ • Factor 100 -1000 over present in intensity • 4 x 1013/s 30 Ge. V protons • 1010/s 238 U 73+ up to 25 (- 35) Ge. V/u Secondary Beams • Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1. 5 - 2 Ge. V/u • Up to factor 10 000 over present in intensity Storage and Cooler Rings Key Technical Features • Cooled beams • Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets • Radioactive beams • e – A collider • 1011 stored and cooled 3(0) - 15 Ge. V antiprotons H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

GSI (Future Plans) Future – Rare isotope physics – Plasma physics – Hadronic matter at highest baryon densities – Cooled antiproton beams (E ≤ 15 Ge. V ) HESR 15 GEV p H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

The GSI Future Facility Hadron Physics Plasma Physics Existing GSI Facilities Condensed Baryonic Matter Atomic Physics Rare Isotope Beams H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

RIB : Research Program Structure of the nuclei main binding: strong force against electroweak where are the very limits of nuclei new collective modes, shell structures, decay modes strangeness in the nucleon Nuclear astrophysics redraw pathways of nucleosynthesis iterate in collaboration with astrophysicists Fundamental interactions and symmetries e. g. measure Vud by superallowed Fermi transitions H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

RIB : Structure of the Atomic Nucleus • A. V. Dobrovolsky et al. , unpuplished • P. Egelhof, private communication H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Nuclear Physics in the Universe Proton number Z Accreting white dwarf Elements in our solar system Nova Cygni 1992 Sun Neutron number N H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Super-FRS: Large-Acceptance High-Resolution Spectrometer for Exotic Nuclei H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Physics with Antiprotons (1) Recent Discoveries using p-beams – Top Quark (Fermi Lab) – W ±, Z 0 (CERN) – High precision charmonium spectroscopy (Fermi Lab) – Masses and (partial) widths of , c - states – s (mc) – Multipole Structure of 1, 2 - states – LEAR-Results (CERN) – Trapped Antiprotons (mp/mp, Antihydrogen (AD)) – T/CP/CPT-Tests – Meson/Exotics-Spectroscopy (Light Quark Sector) – Candidate for Glueball ground state (f 0(1500)) – Two resonances with exotic quantum numbers J PC = 1–+ H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Physics with Antiprotons (2) e+e–- collisions: Only 1 -- -states are directly formed (Well measured, e–e+ energy scans) The other states only visible through secondary reactions, e. g. : e+e– ´ + (moderate mass resolution) pp - collisions: All states can be directly formed (Very good mass resolution, scans with p) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Physics with Antiprotons (3) Merits of Antiprotons – High cross sections Facilitates search for rare particles – Most particles can be directly created in formation processes regardless of their J PC quantum numbers – p-induced reactions (≤ 15 Ge. V) have low particle multiplities Reconstruction of full events, Reliable PWA – Exotic states are produced with rates similar to qq, qqq-systems – (Cooled) beams have small ∆p/p and small emittances Clean experimental conditions H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA - Detector requests – Nearly full solid angle for charged particles and Gammas – High rate capability – Good particle identification (e, , π, K, p) – Efficient trigger on e, , K, D General purpose detector – Target: Jet/Pellet/Wire – Tracking: Pixels (MVD) / Straws / Mini-Drift-Chambers (MDC) – E. M. Calorimeter: Pb. WO 4, APD-Readout – Muons: Plastic Scint. Strips – PID: Aerogel Cerenkov (ACC) / DIRC – Trigger: High electrons/muons / Multiplicity jump Invariant masses / Global kinematical conditions / Secondary vertex (D’s, …) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Charmonium Spectroscopy (1) cc- system (QCD) e+e–-system (QED) Energies/Energy splittings/Widths of states Details of QQ-interactions Exclusive Decays Mixing of perturbative/non-pert. effects H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Charmonium Spectroscopy (2) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Charmonium Spectroscopy (3) -1 HESR : 1 -2(fb) /y (similar to CLEO-c) Expected rates: Comparison to E 835: Max. En. (HESR) ≈ 15 Ge. V; Max. En. (E 835) = 9 Ge. V LUMI (HESR) ≈ x 10 LUMI (E 835) HESR-Detector with magnetic field Hadron Detection (More decay modes accessible) p/p (HESR) ≈ 1/10 p/p (E 835) (El. -Cooling-Mode) Dedicated machine Very stable conditions, 100 -200 days/y Measuring program of PANDA Scans in the energy regions of interest(see open problems) in steps of 10 -1 Me. V Parallel search for decays in H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Nature of Mesons qq (qq)g Standard model meson only one leading term Other colour neutral configurations may mix Decoupling is possible only if gg states are narrow Charmonium = leading term vanishes Exotic States H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Search for Glueballs (1) Glueballs (gg) Predictions: Masses: 1. 5 -5. 0 Ge. V/c 2 (Ground state found? ; Candidates for further states? ) Quantum numbers: Several spin exotics (oddballs), e. g. J PC = 2+- (4. 3 Ge. V/c 2 ) Widths: ≥ 100 Me. V/c 2 – Decay into two lighter glueballs often forbidden because of q. -n. – No mixing effects for oddballs H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Search for Glueballs (2) Production cross section: Maybe high in pp-annihilation (see f 0(1500)) Comparable to qq-systems (! b) Experimental program at HESR p-scan for non-exotics: (Most reasonable channels, easily distinguishable, low l - waves (simple PWA)) Production exp. for exotics: Reasonable measuring times H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Search for Charmed Hybrids (1) Charmed Hybrids: Predictions: Masses (LQCD, Bag-Model, Flux-Tube-Model, …) 2 Lowest energy states: 3. 9 -4. 5 Ge. V/c Quantum numbers Lowest energy states: (3 spin-exotic) Ground state: (spin-exotic) Widths Could be narrow in some cases (~Me. V), e. g. Favorite decays, if forbidden: H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Search for Charmed Hybrids (2) High chances to find charmed hybrids Less mixing than in (qqg)-sector Measuring program at HESR States with non exotic q. -n. : p-scan: (3. 9 - 4. 3 Ge. V/c 2 ; J/ -trigger) (4. 3 - 5. 0 Ge. V/c 2 ; D-trigger), per day (Decay channel selects q. -n. ) States with exotic q. -n. : Production experiment: per day, PWA of Dalitz-Plots (see LEAR) In addition: Measuring program on light hybrids ≈ 2 Ge. V/c 2, Scan- and production mode Favorite channels: Large cross sections ( b), Complementary to Hall D H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Effective Masses In solid states we see effective electron masses Polarizable Media microscopic friction Newtonian relation F = meff a (meff >m 0) Since QCD Vacuum is strongly polarized huge effect H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Particles in polarizable Media free e- e- in crystal dispersion relation E(k) effective mass F = m* a g in vacuum g in dielectrica H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Antiproton-Nucleus-Interactions (1) 1) Effective masses of hadrons in the nuclear medium – 206 Pb(d, 3 He), Q-Value – K +, K –-Production in heavy ion collisions Excitation spectra H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Antiproton-Nucleus-Interactions (2) Effective D-masses in nuclear medium – Dramatically increased -decay rate of ´- and C 2 -states in nuclear medium Substantial increase of widths (0. 3 Me. V ? ; 2. 0 Me. V ? ) – Increased width of (3770) (24 Me. V ? ) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Antiproton-Nucleus-Interactions (3) 2) J/ - nucleon absorption cross section Important for J/ - suppression in QGP Proposed reaction: (3. 4 -4. 6 Ge. V/c) + A J/ + (A-1) Furthermore: – - dissociation to open charm in the presence of nucleons: – Elastic J/ - nucleon cross sections (Low momenta) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Antiproton-Nucleus-Interactions (4) 3) Strange Baryons in Nuclear Field Hypernuclei = Third dimension of the nuclear chart || States with new symmetries, not available in ordinary nuclei || Non-mesonic weak decays || Basic properties of hyperons and strange exotic objects – Double -Hypernuclei (Three candidates exist yet) – Hyperon-Hyperon interaction (Meson-exchange vs. quark-exchange) – Breeder for H-dibaryon – High resolution spectroscopy of deeply bound hyperatoms – –-atoms ( Static quadrupol moment) – Experimental Concept: Active, secondary target H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Experiments with open Charm/Strangeness (1) HESR Common feature: – Particles come in pairs, charge symmetric conditions – Moderate particle energies – Trigger on one, investigate the other – Low multiplicity events H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Experiments with open Charm/Strangeness (2) Experimental program – Baryon Spectroscopy New states, Quantum numbers and decay rates – Rare D-decays Example: – Direct CP-Violation in , -decays Compare angular decay asymmetries Prediction (SM) ≈2 x 10 -5 HESR: 1 year of beamtime H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Experiments with open Charm/Strangeness (3) CP-Violation in charmed region Direct CP-Violation (SCS) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

PANDA : Further possibilities at HESR Study of reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) Nucleon structure functions Low energy p -physics – pp-annihilation process – Antiprotonic atoms – Antihydrogen H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Matter at High Densities: Phase diagram Quarks and Gluons RHIC 100 De ch conf ira i l tr nem an en sit t & ion & LHC Temperature [Me. V] Early Universe 200 Critical Point? Hadrons IS S SI 0+ 0 2 G Colour Super. Conductor? Neutron stars 0 1 Nuclei Net Baryon Density H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Matter at High Densities H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Quark-Gluon Structure of Hadrons hadrons in the nuclear medium SPS RHIC LHC T [Me. V] 300 g, -, p - beams SIS 18 SIS 200 H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Physics Case – Signatures of chiral symmetry restoration in dense baryonic matter ( 5 x Nucleus) – Signatures of deconfinement phase transition in dense baryonic matter – Search for the critical point – Exotic states of matter (Strange particle condensates, Colour Superconductivity) Observables : Dileptons from light Vector-Mesons ( , . . ) Yield of particles with Strangeness/Charm; Charmonium-Yield Ratio open/hidden charm K/ -ratio Collective flow Event by event flutuations of K/ , H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : An Ion-Ion Collision (U+U) H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Simulated Event beam + p K+ K + 328 357 161 41 13 9 8 700 – 1000 charged particles per event H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Requirements PID: Identification of electrons and hadrons 2 electron detectors: pion suppression by 104 -105 Reconstruction of particle vertices with high resolution 1000 charged particles in central Au+Au collisions at 25 AGe. V Rate: 107 Au+Au reactions/sec beam intensities up to 109 ions/sec, 1% interaction target Good momentum resolution Large acceptance H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Detector Concept Magnetic field 1 -2 T Silicon pixel/strip detectors: , , , RICH: particles with = 10 -100: electrons, (pions, kaons) 2 nd Generation Fixed Target Expt TRD: electrons 2000: J/ TOF: start (diamond pixel detector) and stop (RPC): particle identification for pions, kaons, protons, … All needed for D-mesons Trigger: 1. level: reactions, centrality, hits in TRD and RICH 2. level: electrons, momentum, hit matching, rings in RICH 3. level: displaced vertex H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

CBM : Detector Layout CBM HADES A+A at 8 -40 AGe. V A+A at 2 -8 AGe. V H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Realization/Cost Civil Construction Accelerator Components Instrumentation and Major Detectors ~ 225 M€ ~ 265 M€ ~ 185 M€ ~ 675 M€ Year 200 X + 6 years commissioning Year 200 X + 8 years regular data taking H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Staged Realization H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Parallel Operation Duty-Cycles of the Accelerator Rings Radioactive Beams 100 Tm Ring 200 Tm Ring Duty-Cycles of the Physics Programs Plasma Physics Radioactive Beams Nucleus-Nucleus 100 sec Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions Antiprotons Collector & Storage Ring Plasma-Physics High-Energy Storage Ring Antiprotons 0% 50% 100% H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003

Nuclear Physics and Its New Frontiers Fundamental symmetries and interactions Structure of nuclei: the nuclear many-body system far from stability Astrophysics Quark-gluon structure of hadronic matter Nuclei at the limits Quark-gluon structure of hadrons and the origin of the nuclear force The phases of QCD/ quark-gluon plasma H. Koch, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, January 9, 2003