The Growth of Industrial Prosperity CHAPTER 11 SECTION

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1

Bellringer

Objective �Students will understand the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. �Students will understand the socialist response to industrialization.

Main Ideas �In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers. �Poor working and living conditions led many industrial workers to form socialist political parties and socialist trade unions in a bid to improve their lives.

The Second Industrial Revolution �The first IR gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. �The Second IR gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.

Steel �In 1855, Henry Bessemer patented a process for making high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply. �Steel would quickly replace iron.

Electricity �In 1870 s, Zenobe Gramme invented the Gramme Machine, which was the first powerful electric motor. �Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb. �What were would be the effects of these inventions on the factory?

First Incandescent Light Bulb

First Cars

Second Industrial Revolution Inventions 1855: Bessemer process for making steel more efficiently and cheaply Effects Stronger frameworks for larger buildings and stronger rails for railroad tracks 1860 s: Electric generator by Zénobe-Théophile Gramme Reliable flow of electricity; electrical energy convertible to mechanical energy to run machines 1870 s: Incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell Longer work hours; faster communication across regions

Second Industrial Revolution Inventions Effects 1903: Airplane by Wright brothers Increase in speed of travel and movement of goods 1909: Synthetic ammonia by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch Increase in crop yields from use of chemical fertilizers 1913: Assembly line pioneered by Henry Ford Increase in efficient mass production of goods; reduction in prices of goods and increase in sales

Industrial Production Grew �Due to the increased sales of manufactured goods. �Europeans could afford to buy more consumer goods because of a number of reasons: 1) higher wages; 2) lowers prices on the goods; 3) lower transportation costs; and 5) the assembly line made production more efficient. �Question: Why would manufactured goods drop in prices?

Assembly Line �Assembly line was pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, it was a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods. �**The assembly line allowed for mass production of goods. ** �Question: How do you think the introduction of the assembly line affected the availability and cost of automobiles? �Assembly Line Video

Economies �Industrialized urban economies (such as those going through an industrialization) experienced high standards of living than agricultural based economies. �Why?

Question �What were some effects of the Second Industrial Revolution?

**Review Questions** 1) The Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by inventions such as the ____ process for steel production and the use of ____ to power homes and factories. 2) Light bulbs were invented by _____ in the United States. 3) _____ ’s invention of the telephone set off a revolution in communications. 4) Mass transportation improved with the invention of the _______ engine. This engine gave rise to _____ and _____. 5) Henry Ford’s invention of a new manufacturing method known as the ______ allowed for the ______ of goods. 6) In Europe and throughout the world, _____ urban economies experienced a higher ____ than agricultural economies.

Organizing the Working Classes �The transition to an industrialized society was very hard on workers. They wanted to improve their working and living conditions. This led many to form socialist political parties and trade unions.

Socialism �Government owns the means of production. �***In response to the horrible conditions in the industrial factories, in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedich Engels publish The Communist Manifest. �They blamed the horrible working and living conditions on industrial capitalism.

Marx’s Theory �He believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggle. ” He believed that the oppressors and the oppressed have always stood in constant opposition to one another. �That the oppressors owned the means of production (e. g. , the land, raw materials, factories, money) and controlled the government; the oppressed owned nothing and depended on the oppressors.

Marx’s Theory �He believed that society was split up between two classes: the bourgeoisie (the middle class – the oppressors) and the proletariat (the working class – the oppressed). �Marx believed the two sides would clash and a violent revolution would occur, ultimately leading to a stateless society.

Socialist Parties �Beginning in 1870 s Europe, working class leaders began to form socialist political parties based on Marx’s ideas. �These parties would fight against capitalism.

Trade Unions �**To improve working conditions, trade unions began to develop. [Note: unions were illegal in the early 1800 s in Europe and the U. S. ] �**The right to strike was crucial. Union leaders would call a strike, that is, member would stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages and improved working conditions.

Unions �Unions gave us the 8 -hour work day and the 40 -hour work wee; the minimum wage; child labor laws.

Question �How was socialism a response to industrialization?

**Review Questions** �In their publication ____ , Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels blamed ____ for poor conditions in industrial factories. �Marx believed that world history was characterized by ______ struggles over the means of ____. �Workers organized ____ to improve their working conditions through the right to _______.

Discussion �What would be the pros and cons if you worked on an assembly line and did just one task all day? �What would be the pros and cons of joining a Marxist party?