The Growth of Civilizations c 2000 B C

The Growth of Civilizations c. 2000 B. C. – A. D. 476

Greece www. portoveneziano. gr/ crete-map-en. jsp Geographically § Southern part of the Balkan Peninsula § Key geographical feature …

Aegean Sea www. hfac. uh. edu/ mcl/classics/greec. jpg § Most jobs of Greek civilization were sea based – Traders – Fishermen

Early Greek Peoples

Minoans www. cretashop. gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan%20 fresco. gif § Located on island of Crete § Economy – trade § Volcano 1628 – empire starts to decline § Defeated by the Mycenaeans

Map of Ancient Greece This map shows the Greek settlements c 550 BC

Mycenaeans www. wsu. edu: 8080/. . . / MODULES/MINOA/TITLE 2. GIF § Located on Greek mainland § Controlled Greece from 1600 -1200 B. C.

Greek City-States Polis – A Greek city-state

Characteristics of city-states § § § § Small (in terms of land) Populations of < 10, 000 Forts built on hills of cities (Acropolis) Agora= Market Politically independent Greek speaking Saw non-Greeks as barbarians

Religious Life § Religion was used to explain nature § Used to explain why emotions caused people to lose control § Explains the unexplainable § Gods have human qualities § Benefits: Long life / Good afterlife experience – Good Fortune – Good harvests

Greek Gods

Zeus www. madisonastro. org/ astrophotos/play/zeus. gif § § Chief God Lived on Mount Olympus

Apollo www. students. sbc. edu/. . . / apollo%20 belvedere. jpg § § Son of Zeus God of Light

Athena web. mit. edu/. . . /www/ Europe 2002/080402/Athena. JPG § § § Daughter of Zeus Protector of Athens Goddess of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

Dionysus brainstorm-services. com/ wcu-lit/oedipus-stept. . . § God of fertility and wine

Hermes www. watson. org/~leigh/hermes. jpg § § Messenger of the Gods Also the god of thieves, travelers, shepherds, and merchants

Ares www. eduteka. org/proyectos/psique/images/ares. jpg § God of War

Greek God Family Tree www. angelfire. com/weird 2/randomstuff/familytree. htm

Governing City-States § Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop fortresses § Needed wealthy nobles because they had money to buy chariots, horses, and weapons to fight § Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class) was born

Sparta vs. Athens Sparta § Located on Peloponnesus § Militaristic – Whole life built around it § Class system – Equals – decended from invaders – rulers – Half-Citizens – Helots - slaves § Ruled by two kings/Council of Elders § Boys and Girls attend school Athens § Located on the Attic Peninsula § Mostly sea traders § Society – Citizens – All Athenian born men, only male education – Metics – born outside – paid taxes – but could not participate in gov’t or own land – Slaves § Early government – Governed by nine archons

The Four Founding Dictators

Draco www. auburn. edu/~downejm/ sp/alpcontents. html § Believed to have created Athen’s first code of law § Law harsh and severe § Any laws now considered harsh today are referred to as “Draconian”

Solon www. nimispauci. com/ Laerce/Sept. Sages/Solon. jpg § § Erased debt of poor Settled disputes between rich and poor § Outlawed slavery for debt

Peisistratus www. learnline. de/angebote/ realideal/apotheose. . . § Ruled Athens as tyrant with support of lower classes § Economy improved

Cleisthenes www. pbs. org/. . . /characters/ cleisthenes_p 8. html § Began democracy in Athens – Divided Athens’ citizens into 10 tribes they chose 50 representatives -> formed Council of Five Hundred

Greek Expansion

Persian Wars 500 -479 B. C.

Trouble begins in… ccwf. cc. utexas. edu/ ~perlman/myth/lecture 15. html § § Ionia, a Greek Colony Conquered by Persians § Ionian (Greek citizens in Asia Minor) rebel against Persian rule. § Rebellion crushed – but….

Darius home. att. net/ ~tabriz/newpage 1. htm § Wanted to punish Athens for the rebellion § Invade Greece § 1 st major battle…

Battle of Marathon § § 490 B. C. Major upset – Athenians although outnumbered win Phalanx Role of Pheidippides

Second Invasion www. 2 frompars. com/ Xerxes%20(Khashayar%20 Shah). htm § § 480 B. C. This one led by Xerxes, son of Darius § Two major battles – Battle of Thermopylae – Battle of Salamis

Battle of Thermopylae www. barca. fsnet. co. uk/ punic 2 -after-greece. htm § Land battle which united all Greeks § Persians attack through narrow mountain passeventually find way around § 300 Spartan soldiers killed while Athenians returned home to save Athens

joseph_pod. com/. . . / id 28. html

Battle of Salamis www. livius. org/he-hg/ herodotus/logos 8_24. html § Naval Battle of coast of the island of Salamis § Athens won because their smaller ships were mobile than the larger Persian ships § Major victory for Athens

Effects of the Persian Wars § Persia weakens – no longer the power of the area § Athenian power increases – leader of the new Delian League (league of independent Greek city-states) purpose was the protection of each of the city-states § Athens got rich – from Delian League monies

Delian League § This Organization was formed by Athens to Rule over other City States § Members had to pool their money in Athenian banks § Members relied on Athenian Military defense § Members had to use Athenian laws

Age of Pericles 24. 31. 212/literature/ POL-HS-Pericles. htm § 1 st citizen of Greece – world § Began massive building projects – Parthenon § Took democracy to a new level § Used Delian League money for building projects

The Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens 431 B. C. – 404 B. C.

Strengths Sparta § Had greatest army in Greece § Had won over allies opposed to Athenian Delian League Athens § Had the strongest navy in Greece § Had allies through Delian League § Had Allies through fear of Sparta.

Purpose of War The Peloponnesus (Sparta) and Athens were both full of young men whose inexperience made them eager to take up arms. Thucydides

Early Years of War § § § Sparta begins invasion of Attica Peninsula Athenians withdraw behind walls of city Most cities would be besieged – but not Athens – Great Navy – Long Walls § Athens is decimated by a plague – killing thousands including Pericles

Athens begins to fall § Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) – driven back – begins downward spiral of Athens § Aristocracy overthrown – democracy restored – government weakened § Eventually food supply cut off – Athens forced to surrender in 404 B. C.

Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars § § § Greece becomes politically unstable Athens becomes second class city Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to unite Greece § Will eventually be united by an outside power

Greece’s Golden Age

The Arts

Architecture § Showed the love of beauty in the buildings – Temples – gymnasiums – Theatres § Types of architecture are still used today § Examples….

Theatre in Athens www. spudles. com/travels/ Europe 2002 Pics/Athens. . .

Painting § Most original artwork has been lost or destroyed § Pottery was two toned using a combination of black, ochre (red), yellow, or orange. § Pottery and paintings recorded events, scenes of life, or mythology.

Sculpture § Greatest sculptors= beauty of body-nudes, mythology – Myron § The Discus Thrower – Phidias § Zeus – Praxiteles § Showed Greek love for the human body

Greek Ideals § 1. 2. 3. 4. Expressed in Art in four ways: Greek art glorified human beings Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride in their city-states Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, order, and moderation Expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and usefulness

Greek Philosophers Lovers of Wisdom

Socrates lilt. ilstu. edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socrates. jpg § Fell victim of frustrations of Athens’ loss in the Peloponnesian War § Forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting the minds of youth” § Best known for Socratic Method= teach by asking questions

Plato www. uh. edu/~cfreelan/courses/Plato. JPEG § Began school called the Academy – continues for 900 years § Believed in an aristocracy § Student of Socrates but disagreed with his teachings

Aristotle www. hao. ucar. edu/. . . / sp/images/aristotle. html § § Student of Plato Based everything on logical thought and processes § Emphasized science and nature

Mathematics

Pythagoras www. uncletaz. com/norsktaz/pythagoras. jpg § Came up with the Pythagorean Theory § A 2 + B 2 = C 2

Euclid § Father of Geometry

Medicine

Hippocrates historical-studies. ncl. ac. uk/images/aux_images/hippocrates. jpg § Father of Medicine § Hippocratic Oath

History

Herodotus www. losttrails. com/media/Herodotus/athens 35 -30 b. jpg § First known historian § Used stories handed down through time

Thucydides www. livius. org/a/1/greeks/thucydides. jpg § Historian whose greatest works surround the Peloponnesian War § Differed from Herodotus by using primary sources and recording stories from veterans of the war

Drama Tragedies --day Comedies– night Entertainment and worship

Macedonian Conquests of Greece

Phillip II of Macedon etc. usf. edu/clipart/1200/1254/philip 2_1_lg. gif § Called on by Isocrates (Greek Philosopher) to invade Greece for the purposes of unification § Became Macedonian king in 359 B. C. § Builds great army – New phalanx § Begins take over of Greece

Downfall of Phillip II § 337 B. C. Phil divorces wife and mother of Alexander and marries daughter of high ranking noble who has son to challenge Alexander’s right to throne § Former guardsman, Pausanias stabs Phillip § Alexander takes the throne

Alexander the Great and his horse Beusephalis murugan. org/research/alexander-m. jpg § Builds great empire – South to Egypt and east to India § Spreads Hellenistic culture – Combination of Greek and eastern customs § Dies in 328 B. C. after ruling only 12 years and 8 months § Empire begins to dismantle

Alexander’s Empire www. ancientanatolia. com/historical/maps/Image 1 b. gif

Hellenistic Achievements

Architecture Alexanderia, Egypt www. touregypt. net/village/alex 3. jpg

Astronomy and Geography