The Gerundive What is it The future passive

The Gerundive

What is it? • • The future passive participle Formed from the first principle part – Present stem + -ndus, -nda, -ndum – Parandus, paranda, parandum – Declines like a 1 st and 2 nd declension adj. • • Translation: about to be, deserving to be, fit to be About to be prepared, deserving to be prepared, fit to be prepared.

Forms – All Four Conjugations 1 st conjugation – parandus, -a, -um 2 nd conjugation – habendus, -a, -um 3 rd conjugation – mittendus, -a, -um 3 rd –io – iaciendus, -a, -um 4 th conjugation – audiendus, -a, -um

Verbal Adjective • The gerundive is a verbal adjective • Agrees with a noun or pronoun in case, gender and number

Passive Periphrastic Aka: Gerundive of Obligation The gerundive is used with a form of sum, esse. Translation: must be, should be, has to be

Examples Scelesti puniendi sunt. The criminals (evil men) must be punished. Haec femina laudanda est. This woman must be praised. The gerundive agrees in case, gender and number with the subject.

Passive Periphrastic There are three tenses of the passive periphrastic. Marcus ducendus est. Marcus must be led. Marcus ducendus erat. Marcus had to be led. Marcus ducendus erit. Marcus will have to be led.

Dative of Agent Gerundive in a passive periphrastic construction is always passive in Latin. The person doing the action is expressed in the dative case. (as opposed to an ablative in most passive constructions. ) Fur Sexto capiendus est. The thief must be captured by Sextus.

Translating the Passive Periphrastic Although the passive periphrastic must be written passively in Latin, it can be translated actively in English. Previous sentence: Fur Sexto capiendus est. This can be translated as: Sextus must capture thief.

Other Uses of the Gerundive Purpose: Causa or gratia preceded by the genitive case (for the sake of) Veni urbis videndae causa. I came for the sake of (the city about to be seen) or (seeing the city). or I came to see the city.

Other examples Cives ad Forum venerunt orationis audiendae causa. The citizens came to the Forum for the sake of the speech about to be heard. Or The citizens came to the Forum to hear the speech. Note: the gerundive agrees in case, gender and number with the noun it is modifying.

Even more examples Ad with something in the accusative case: Venerunt ad gerendum bellum. Literally: They came for the war that must be waged. Better: They came to wage war.

One more example Dictatores a consulibus ad rem publicam custodiendam nominati sunt. The dictators were named by the consuls to guard the republic.