The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks Kris Pister

The Future of Wireless Sensor Networks Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (Founder & CTO, Dust Networks)

Outline • • • The Past What Went Wrong Technology Status Applications Technology Directions

BSAC IAB 1997 Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links • • • PI: Kris Pister Source: Hughes (MICRO) Funding: $25 k, $10 k matching, 0% ovhd, Duration: 1 year Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO

BSAC IAB Spring 2000 COTS Dust GOAL: • Get our feet wet RESULT: • Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems • Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF: – – Industry Berkeley Wireless Research Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC) PC Enabled Toys (Intel) • Fantastic RF problems • Optical proof of concept

Berkeley Demos – 2001 Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, and velocity Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5, 000 per node vs. 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node.

Cost of Sensor Networks Mesh Networking Computing Power Installation, Connection and Commissioning $ Sensors Time

Sensor Networks Take Off! Industry Analysts Take Off! $8. 1 B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: In. Stat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; In. Stat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

Low Data Rate WPAN Applications Zigbee 2006 2003 Pro security HVAC AMR lighting control access control asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring TV VCR DVD/CD remote PERSONAL HEALTH CARE RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL mouse keyboard joystick security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

Barriers to Adoption On. World, 2005

Dust Networks • Founded July 2002 • Focused on reliability, power consumption • Developed TSMP – Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol – >99. 9% reliability – Lowest power per delivered packet

50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150, 000 sf >100, 000 packets/day

Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200 ft • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices • >5 year life on C-cell GW 400 m

Standards • IEEE 802. 15. 4 • Wireless HART • ISA SP 100 Wireless HART booth at ISA Expo, Oct. 2006

The De-facto Standard 12 Manufacturers, 1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP Emerson MACTek Yokogawa Siemens Phoenix Contact Endress+ Hauser Elpro ABB Honeywell Smar Pepperl+ Fuchs

Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users Conference October 2 -5, 2006

Streetline Networks

Federspiel Controls HVAC System Retrofits Demonstrated Energy Savings: • 3. 7 k. Wh/sf/yr • 0. 34 therms/sf/yr • Higher savings than conventional retrofits

Barriers to Adoption >99. 9% Wireless HART, SP 100 “It just worked” 5 -10 years Complete networks On. World, 2005

2. 4 GHz Transceiver Front End • Cook et al. , ISSCC 2006 • Active Area: 0. 8 mm 2 • Zero external RF components

Radio Performance 25 X IRX (m. A) 20 With software: 10 years D cell cc 2420 15 X 10 cc 1000 With software: 10 years coin cell 5 Cook 06 (300 m. W) Molnar 04 (0. 4 m. A) X Otis 05 (0. 4 m. A) X 100 k X 200 k 300 k Bit rate (bps)

RF Time of Flight Ranging in a Coal Mine Tunnel Steven Lanzisera 2 m Error Measured Data Ideal 1 m Error

Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) • Goals: – Standard CMOS – Low power – Minmal external components antenna Temp u. P SRAM Amp ADC Radio ~2 mm^2 ASIC battery inductor crystal

UCB Hardware Results ~2003 • 2 chips fabbed in 0. 25 um CMOS – “Mote on a chip” worked, TX only – 900 MHz transceiver worked • Records set for low power CMOS – ADC, Mike Scott, M. S. • 8 bits, 100 k. S/s • 2 u. A@1 V – Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, Ph. D. • 8 bits, 1 MIP • 10 u. A@1 V – 900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M. S. • 100 kbps, “bits in, bits out” • 20 m indoors • 0. 4 m. A @ 3 V

Mote on a Chip, 2009 • Goals: – Standard CMOS – Low power – Minimal external components Zero antenna u. P Security Temp Location Amp ADC Radio Time SRAM ~4 mm^2 ASIC battery inductor crystal

Conclusion • 10 years later, a real market emerges • Reliable, low power, standards-based technology is no more expensive than junk • The lowest power radios in the world come from UCB/EECS/BSAC • The best software and algorithms for WSN come from UCB/EECS/BSAC