The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 11 How can

The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 11 How can we sustainably utilize biodiversity? Fifty years from now, how will the relationships have changed between human beings and various organisms? Photo (right): Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’ Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØToday’s Topics 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity problems What are the key points when we deal with biodiversity problems? 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems How can we solve various biodiversity problems? Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity n What are the key points to consider when dealing with biodiversity problems? 1) Human well-being 2) Global views 3) Cost for solutions Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being Ecosystems with high biodiversity bring us a good life. 1) Supply of safe foods 2) Agriculture with low risks of insect pests or diseases 3) Prevention of various disasters 4) Cultural diversity 5) Opportunities for local education 6) Opportunities for sightseeing or recreation 7) Future possibilities for finding new medicines or natural resources Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 1) Supply of safe foods e. g. , oriental stork rice in Toyooka city, Japan - Returning oriental storks to the wild means recovery of ecosystems where oriental storks can survive. - Oriental storks require rice fields with reduced amounts of agricultural chemicals. Oriental stork rice Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Oriental stork foraging for food Photo: Toyooka city, Hyogo Prefecture

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 2) Agriculture with low risks of insect pests or diseases Number of parasitic wasps varies among various vegetations. The relationships between number of parasitic wasps and forest ages Number of wasps per trap 80 herbaceous and woody plants timber, fungus and humus 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 Parasitic wasp (Braconidae) ovipositing on a leaf beetle (Phratora laticollis) Forest ages (years) Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. (Maleque et al. 2010)

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 3) Prevention of various disasters Plantation forests consisting of a single species are vulnerable to disasters. Plantation forest blown down by typhoon (left: Sakhalin fir, right: cedar) Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Photo: (left) National institute for Environmental Studies (right) Keizou Hirai (From Chapter 5)

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 4) Cultural diversity Many organisms are symbolically used in local and/or traditional festivals. Festivals in Kyoto and organisms Aoi Festival (corsage) Asarum caulescens Fire Festival in Kurama (torch) Cercidiphyllum japonica Japanese wisteria Gion Festival (talisman) Azalea Cedar Bamboo grass Torch in fire festival Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 5) Opportunities for local education - Local ecosystems are useful materials for environmental education of children living there. - Children learn the local uniqueness through the study of such ecosystems. Examining plant distribution Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Presentation about life in the community

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 6) Opportunities for sightseeing or recreation Ecosystems with high and unique biodiversity captivate and attract tourists. Jomon cedar in Yakushima island people observing the tree Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 1) Human well-being 7) Future possibilities for finding new medicines or natural resources - High biodiversity provides us with a higher possibility of finding useful options in the future. - Petroleum will be exhausted in the near future. …We will need alternative materials and biofuels. Primary forest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 2) Global views Biodiversity problems are international problems. 1) Many animals migrate beyond international borders. 2) Activities of some countries affect the biodiversity of other countries. 3) It is difficult to achieve a consensus about biodiversity conservation among countries. 4) Sharing the benefits of biodiversity may not be fair among countries. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 2) Global views 1) Many animals migrate beyond international borders. Some animal species move from one country to another (or others) during their lives. Habitats of some organisms occupy several countries. In such cases, conservation in only one country is not enough for preventing extinction. Platalea minor Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Panthera tigris　 Photo: (left) Yasunori Maezawa

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 2) Global views 2) Activities of some countries affect the biodiversity of other countries. The more foreign countries import timber or palm oil from Malaysia, the more tropical rainforest disappears. The more foreign countries import cashmere from Mongolia, the more the goat population increases, resulting in degradation of grasslands. Forestry roads for logging Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Huge oil palm plantation

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 2) Global views 3) It is difficult to achieve a consensus about biodiversity conservation among countries. If some countries adopt a production method which emphasizes biodiversity conservation, they may lose the price competition to products made in other countries which do not consider biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity in paddy field where agrochemicals are reduced. Photo: Yasunori Maezono 　　　 Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 2) Global views 4) Sharing the benefits of biodiversity may not be fair among countries. Developed countries gain profits from new medicines whose resources are taken from the forests of developing countries. The profits should be fairly shared with developing countries which conserve biodiversity of their forests. Tropical tree Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Tropical fungus

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 3) Cost for solutions Economic estimation for solution of biodiversity problems The economics of Climate Change (Stern review) - Concerned with climate change’s effects on the economy - Submitted by Dr. Stern to the UK’s Ministry of Finance Economic loss in the event we take no measures now: 5 to 20% of GDP » Cost for measures we take now: c. 1% of GDP Effects of climate change on the economy (agriculture, infrastructures, industry, etc. ) (year, based on the total GDP in the world) As for measures against global warming, early action lessens economic loss. http: //www. uknow. or. jp/be/environment/ Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity 3) Cost for solutions Biodiversity version of Stern review TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity) - Edited by UN special adviser Pavan Sukhdev (Deutsche Bank AG). - Interim report was released at COP 9. - Attempted to estimate the cost of degradation of biodiversity. ex. The multiple values of coral reefs: Recreation value US$184 per visit globally Ecological service (protection of coastal areas in many islands of Southeast Asia) US$55 $1, 100 per hectare per year - Advanced attempts to conserve biodiversity by introducing progressive use of market mechanisms. TEEB’s final report will be released at COP 10. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Summary 1. Fundamental ways of thinking about biodiversity l Preserving ecosystems whose biodiversity is high brings us better lives not only monetarily but also spiritually and culturally. l For solutions to biodiversity problems, international cooperation is essential. l Interim report of TEEB reveals the vast costs of degradation of biodiversity. Final report of TEEB will be released at COP 10. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems n How can we solve various biodiversity problems? 1) Certification systems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms 3) Establishment of new social institutions 4) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 5) Reconsideration of our ways of thinking Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 1) Certification systems Distinguishing products produced with respect for the sustainable use of biodiversity In cases where products are taken or grown using methods which degrade biodiversity as little as possible, they are certified and labeled. Ex. - Forest certification system (FSC) - Aquatic products certification system (MSC) - Oil palm plantation certification system (RSOP) - Fair trade certification system (FLO) Problem Labeled products do not sell if customers do not take into account the conservation of biodiversity.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms Development of a new market which deals with biodiversity 1) UN-REDD (Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries) - Creating a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. - One of the forms of emissions trading, but also plays an important role in the conservation of tropical rainforests. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http: //www. foejapan. org/forest/sink/redd_01. html#05

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms Carbon emissions due to decrease of forest Concept of REDD Baseline (estimated by past trends) Actual emissions (measured by monitoring) Reduced carbon emissions (Developing countries can sell the right to emit CO 2) 2015 time 2010 Pilot Projects: 750, 000 hectares of forest in Indonesia’s Aceh province. Objective: Reduce 85% of future reduction (10 million CO 2 tons in 30 years) Merrill Lynch (US securities company) declares they will invest US$9 million for 4 years Discussion Measure Report Verify (MRV), Benefit sharing, definition of deforestation, Participation of indigenous communities Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http: //www. foejapan. org/forest/sink/redd_01. html#05

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms Development of new market which deals with biodiversity 2) No net loss of biodiversity (Biodiversity Offsets) When a habitat is developed, we try to reduce negative impacts on the habitat by avoidance or minimization. In cases where some ill effects still remain, we compensate for them by conserving alternative habitats. The order of priority Negative impacts on ecosystem Avoidance Remaining impacts Minimization Biodiversity Offsets Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Remaining impacts Compensation by alternative habitat No net loss (Modified Tanaka 1996)

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms BBOP (Business and Biodiversity Offset Programme) - Partnerships between conservation organizations, governments, companies, financial institutions, etc. supporting biodiversity - Biodiversity offsets of BBOP not only compensate habitats but also improve the quality of habitats, conserve habitats and settle negative impacts thoroughly. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http: //bbop. forest-trends. org/guidelines/index. phpc

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 2) Harnessing market mechanisms Development of a new market which deals with biodiversity 3) PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services) - Paying for various ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting). Mechanisms of PES in Costa Rica Public or private institutions Profit from credit Fuel tax MOE* Forest agency FONAFIFO** Payment for ecosystem services Landowners Reforestation Forest conservation Forest management OCIC*** Foreign countries * the Ministry of the Environment ** Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal *** Oficina Costamicense de Implementacion Conjunta Credit Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Modified from http: //www. nikkei. co. jp/biod/columns/ Original figures by Response Ability, Inc.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 3) Establishment of new social institutions Development of social institutions for biodiversity Present social institutions Convention on Biological Diversity Establishment of protected areas or protected species + new social institutions Ex. Environmental Tax Citizens pay environmental tax such as forest tax, carbon tax, headwater conservation tax, etc. …People who receive the benefits of biodiversity should pay the expenses for conservation of biodiversity. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 3) Establishment of new social institutions Examples of Environmental tax Germany Environmental tax was introduced from 1999, and tax rate was increased in five steps. - In the case of primary energy, environmental tax was set as a fuel tax. - Electricity tax was newly established as environmental tax. - Biofuels and electricity from renewable energy are tax-free. Use Taxable fuels Oil-related tax Environmental tax - Electricity (ct*/kwh) - 2. 05 Fuel for a vehicle Gasoline (ct/l) 50. 11 15. 34 Fuel for a vehicle Diesel (ct/l) 31. 70 15. 34 Fuel for a vehicle Natural gas (ct/l) 6. 00 2. 00 Fuel for a vehicle LPG (ct/l) 6. 00 2. 00 Fuel for heating Diesel (ct/l) 4. 09 2. 05 Fuel for heating Heavy oil (ct/l) 1. 53 0. 97 Fuel for heating LPG (ct/kwh) 0. 18 0. 37 *ct: euro cent Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http: //www. german-consulate. or. jp/

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 3) Establishment of new social institutions Examples of Environmental tax The United Kingdom Climate Change Levy (CCL) was introduced from 2001. Tax rate (/kwh) LPG 0. 07 pence Gas or coal 0. 15 pence Electricity 0. 43 pence Both countries (UK & Germany) succeeded in reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and environmental taxes concerned with biodiversity conservation are likely to be effective. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 4) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Concept of CSR Corporations should have a responsibility to conserve social and natural environments for building a sustainable society. Biodiversity conservation in CSR Panasonic Corporation - Financial support of the Arctic circle project of WWF - Tree planting at schools in the world (700, 000 trees in 2008) Sumitomo Forestry CO. LTD - Making available an appropriate and stable supply of sustainable forest resources while placing importance on biodiversity - As a business leader instigating growth in the forestry industry, establish a sound model for both preserving and utilizing our forests. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. http: //panasonic. co. jp/csr/environment/case/05. html http: //sfc. jp/english/information/csr_rinen/

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 5) Reconsideration of our way of thinking Recognition of the value of biodiversity Conservation of biodiversity means supporting our well-being. Biodiversity plays important role for education of feelings. Children get unique ways of thinking or fertile creativity from mechanisms of organisms or ecosystems. Photo: (right) Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’ Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 5) Reconsideration of our way of thinking Ten things to do for the conservation of biodiversity For recognizing the value of biodiversity… 1. Count the number of species which are used in your daily life. 2. Pay attention to nature around you when you walk. 3. Let children play in the field. 4. Eat foods in season. 5. Participate in traditional events in your community. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Ø 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems 5) Reconsideration of our way of thinking Ten things to do for conservation of biodiversity For sustainable use of biodiversity… 6. Choose the products or services of corporations which work on the conservation of biodiversity. 7. Don’t abandon foreign pets. 8. Eat various foods as much as possible. 9. Choose crops which are dealt with by fair trade. 10. Don’t take rare species, but take their picture instead. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

Summary 2. Solution strategies for biodiversity problems l As for economic solutions, we should construct new economic mechanisms which enable us to choose products considering sustainable uses of biodiversity. Also, a new market which deals with biodiversity should be developed. l As for social institutions, new ones such as environmental taxes would be effective for conserving biodiversity. l Biodiversity conservation by CSR should be developed. l We should realize our daily lives are supported by biodiversity. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØSummary of Today’s Topics How can we sustainably utilize biodiversity? 1. When we think about biodiversity problems, we should consider the following three points: biodiversity supports human wellbeing, international corporation is essential for the solution of biodiversity problems, and early solutions lessen economical losses. 2. As for the solution strategies for biodiversity problems, the following three measures would be effective: economic mechanisms which give incentives for conservation of biodiversity, new social institutions which regulate utilization of biodiversity, and conservation activities by CSR. However, what is most important is our consciousness. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØExercises Let’s do the exercises below: 1. Let’s think about concrete methods for solving biodiversity problems. 2. When a corporation deals with biodiversity conservation as CSR, what are the benefits for that corporation? 3. How should we live with biodiversity? Offer your opinion. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØGlossary (1/2) Biofuel Synthesized fuel such as alcohol which is made from organisms. Major materials are crops such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans, etc. Fair trade Involving trade which supports producers in developing countries by paying fair prices and making sure that workers have good working conditions and fair pay. FSC Forest Stewardship Council. The biggest certification authority of forest products. Non-profit organization established in Canada in 1993. FSC evaluates whether sustainable use is considered or not in forests or forest products. See Chapter 9 for details. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØGlossary (2/2) MSC Marine Stewardship Council. This authority certificates fishery interests which use sustainable methods. In the 1990’s, fishing grounds of the walleye pollock in Canadian waters were heavily damaged by excessive fishing. Taking the opportunity, WWF and Unilever established MSC in 1997. In 1999, MSC became independent from the two organizations as a non-profit organization. Parasitic wasp Wasp which oviposits on the bodies of the other kinds of insects. Hatched larvae live on the insects and eat them, and finally kill them. Parasitic wasp plays an important role as predator of insect pests. Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØReferences Maleque, M. A. , Maeto, K. , Makino, S. , Goto, H. , Tanaka, H. , Hasegawa, M. and Miyamoto A. (2010) A chronosequence of understorey parasitic wasp assemblages in secondary broad-leaved forests in a Japanese 'satoyama' landscape. Insect Conservation and Diversity 3: 143 -151. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1752 -4598. 2010. 00087. x Tanaka A. (1996) The role of mitigation in EIA Systems-Comparison of Japanese and American Experiences-IAIA’ 96 Conference Proceedings 1: 153 -158 Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØCited Websites Business and Biodiversity Offset Programme http: //bbop. forest-trends. org/guidelines/index. phpc Deustches Generalkonsulat Osaka-Kobe, Japan http: //www. german-consulate. or. jp/ Fo. E Japan http: //www. foejapan. org/forest/sink/redd_01. html#05 Nikkei Inc. http: //www. nikkei. co. jp/biod/columns/ Panasonic Corporate http: //panasonic. co. jp/csr/environment/case/05. html Sumitomo CO. LTD. http: //sfc. jp/english/information/csr_rinen/ The British Embassy http: //www. uknow. or. jp/be/environment/ Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved.

ØAuthors & Credits The Futurability of Biodiversity Chapter 11 　　　How can we sustainably utilize biodiversity? Authors Tohru Nakashizuka Masahiro Ichikawa Stewart Wachs Application software Microsoft Power. Point® Illustration & design Be 4°TECH Photos Biodiversity Photos Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Science, ‘Kyororo’ Kaoru Maeto Hiromitsu Samejima Masahiro Aiba Keizo Hirai Masahiro Ichikawa National Institute for Environmental Studies Tohru Nakashizuka Ryo Tsujino Wataru Fujita Toyooka city, Hyogo prefecture Yasunori Maezono Copyright 2010 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. All Rights Reserved. Aya Hatada Satoshi Yamashita Martin Piddington