The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 7 Modern

The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 7: Modern World History Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

Revolution Brings Reform & Terror Main Idea: The Revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power. Why It Matters Now: Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use fear to control their citizens. Terms and Names Legislative Assembly Émigré Sans-culotte Jacobin Guillotine Maximilien Robespierre Reign of Terror

Setting the Stage The Great Fear affected all levels of French society. National Assembly hold late night meeting during this frightful time on Aug. 4, 1789. What is significant about this meeting? ? ?

National Assembly Reforms France Feudal Privileges of the 1 st and 2 nd Estate are abolished by the National Assembly Commoners were equal to the nobles and clergy class

The National Assembly! 1. National Assembly Created (June 17, 1789) Issued “Declaration of the Rights of Man”: All Frenchmen had basic rights of speech, religion, and press. Denied the DIVINE RIGHT THEORY Said that government rested on the consent of the people. 2. Reformed Legal System: Elected judges, trial by jury, ended brutal punishment. 3. Wrote A Constitution (1791): Reformed government by establishing a LIMITED MONARCHY. 4. Abolished special treatment of nobles and clergy.

The Rights of Man Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man Men are born and remain free & equal in rights Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression Guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion

A State-Controlled Church State Confiscated Church lands and sold some Proceeds went to pay off France’s large debt State declares that Church officials and priests were to be elected and paid as state officials Church lost political independence French peasants who were devout Catholics took offense at the Church being State Controlled and opposed the assembly’s reforms.

New Constitution September 1791 Limited Constitutional Monarchy Stripped King of much of his power King has the executive power to enforce laws Created New Legislative Assembly Has power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war

Factions Split France Problems: food shortages & government debt Legislative Assembly Split into 3 Factions Radicals – left Opposed the idea of a monarchy Wanted sweeping changes in the way the gov’t was run Moderates – middle or center Want some changes Conservatives – right Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy Wanted few changes to the government

Factions Outside Assembly V S Émigrés – Nobles and others who had fled France, hoping to undo the Revolution and Restore the Old Regime (Fancy knee length pants) Conservatives Sans-culottes – Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted greater change. (“those without knee breeches” long pants) Radicals

FRANCE AT WAR Austria and Prussia(Northern German Kingdom) urged the French to restore Louis XVI to absolute monarchy. Legislative Assembly declared war April 1792 Prussians threaten to destroy Paris and demand that no harm come to the royal family. Result: Aug. 20 1792 a mob of 20, 000 invaded the Tuileries, the royal families palace, and imprisoned the family.

September Massacres: Angry fearful citizens, fearing the Kings supporters were going to break out and take control of the city, raided the prisons which held supporters of the king, many of them nobles and priests, and murdered over 1, 000 prisoners. What did the September Massacres show about the mood of the people? ?

Jacobins Take Control Legislative Assembly is dissolved and 1791 Constitution set aside King deposed – What does this mean? National Convention established Sept. 21, 1792 Abolished Monarchy Declares France a republic Male citizens granted right to vote and hold office Women are left out

Jacobins Radical Political Organization Most famous and influential Consisted of two factions The Girondists Advocated aggressive foreign policy and forced war on Austria Lost support and were overthrown by: The Mountain Their rule led to the Reign of Terror Approval of New Constitution Universal male suffrage

George Danton Well worth seeing!!! Leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and 1 st President of the Committee on Public Safety. Member of the Mountain Believed to be the “chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the est. of the First French Republic”. Was guillotined by advocates of revolutionary terror Famous Comment: He said to make sure they show his severed head because it would be “well worth seeing”.

Jean-Paul Marat Political theorist, scientist and radical journalist Advocate of basic human rights for the poorest in society – sans-culottes Assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist sympathizer and became a martyr Stabbed in his bath Famous Painting: The Death of Marat

Maximilien Robespierre French lawyer and Politician One of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution and The Reign of Terror Wanted to build a “republic of virtue” by eliminating all traces of the French past Changed the Calendar – 12 months of 30 days, renamed the months, and no Sundays Leader of the Committee on Public Safety Protect the Revolution from its enemies Many “Enemies” were tried in the morning and went to the guillotine in the afternoon.

The Reign of Terror! Causes 1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured and brought to Paris. 2. Prussia and Austria declare war on France to aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy. 3. A RADICAL group (Jacobins) took over the Assembly and declared France a Republic. 4. The radicals were led by Maximilien Robespierre and set up the Committee on Public Safety. 5. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason, found guilty, beheaded in 1793.

Execution of King Louis XVI! Before After

REIGN OF TERROR (1793 -1794) The Republic began to execute anyone considered an “enemy” of the revolution. Nobles or anyone who spoke out was beheaded with the GUILLOTINE.

End of the Reign of Terror July 1794 Finally, moderate leaders were able to take back power once threat of war ended. Robespierre and other radical leaders were executed.

Aftermath Third Constitution drawn up Power firmly in hands of the upper middle class Two – house legislature Formed the Directory – Executive body of 5 men Moderates Some corrupt and the became rich at the countries expense

Results of the French Revolution 1. Political power in France shifted from Kings and Nobility to the Bourgeoisie (Middle Class). 2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and elsewhere. 3. Ideals of Revolution like “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” spread to other parts of Europe and the You rest of the world…. Idiot! 4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the most powerful dictators in European History… Napoleon Bonaparte