The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789 1815 Chapter

The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789 -1815 Chapter 7

The French Revolution Begins n France n n Looked like the most advanced country, really not Bad harvests, high prices, lots of ? ’s from the Enlightenment

The Old Order n 3 large social classes, AKA Estates n n Privileged Estates Run for political office No taxes Roman Catholic Church (1 st Estate) n n Owned 10% of land Helped the poor, paid 2% of income to taxes

n 2 nd Estate n n Rich nobles, 2% of population Owned 20% of land Paid almost NO taxes 1 st and 2 nd Estate disliked the Enlightenment n n Why? Threatened their privileges

n 3 rd Estate n n 97% of people 3 groups within the 3 rd Estate n Bourgeoisie AKA Middle class § § Factory owners, bankers, merchants… Some as rich as the nobles Paid high taxes, no privileges Wanted better status/power

n Workers of France also in 3 rd n n n Tradespeople, apprentices, servants, laborers, etc. . Low wages, hard time finding work If price of bread rose, would attack a bakery

n Peasants also in 3 rd estate n n 80% + of population ½ of income paid in dues to nobles, Church and King. Also taxed on salt Resented 1 st and 2 nd Estate

The Forces of Change n Enlightenment Ideas n n New views of the government Inspired by American Revolution Started to demand Equality, Liberty and Democracy “The Third Estate is the People and the People is the foundation of the State; it is in fact the State itself; the… people is everything. , Everything should be subordinated to it… It is in the people that all national power resides and for the people that all states exist”

n Economic troubles n n n Bad economy, cost of living up Heavy taxes made business lose $ Crop failures King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette spent too much $ Borrowed lots of $ to help Americans win, doubled debt Banks stopped lending $$

n Weak Leader n n Louis XVI indecisive Austrian wife-unpopular and giving him bad advice n n Spent lots on clothes, jewels, gambling Nicknamed “Madame Deficit” Ran out of $, wanted to tax nobles Called a meeting of the Estates General- reps from all 3 Estates to approve taxes

Dawn of the Revolution n Clergy (church) and nobles dominated the Estates General n Each Estate had one vote and the top 2 could always override the 3 rd

National Assembly n 3 rd Estate wanted to change government n n n Voted to call themselves the National Assembly 3 days later locked out of meeting room Broke into indoor tennis court n n n Pledged to stay until new constitution Tennis Court Oath King stationed mercenary guards around Versailles

Rumors that Louis would use force to end the National Assembly n Storming of the Bastille (prison) n n n Searching for gunpowder Took over the prison Paraded the streets with dead guards heads on pikes Bastille Day (like French 4 th of July)

Great Fear Sweeps France n Rebellion spread from city to countryside n n Rumors that nobles hired outlaws to terrorize peasants Defended themselves with pitchforks Broke into nobles homes and destroyed papers making them pay dues to nobles Women riot over rising price of bread n n Broke into palace, killed guards The King and his family left Versailles

Ch 7 Sec. 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Peasants attacking nobles all over France n The Assembly Reforms France n n n National Assembly eliminated 1 st and 2 nd Estate Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen n n Inspired by Declaration of Independence Rights: liberty, property, security, resitance to oppression, freedom of speech, equality before law, freedom of religion

n State-Controlled Church n n Assembly took over church lands Church officials elected and paid by gov. Sale of church lands helped pay debt Louis tries to escape n n n Feared he and his family were in danger Many of his supporters left too Caught near the border and returned

Divisions Develop 2 years of arguing over new constitution n Results n n n Limited monarchy Legislative assembly-create laws, approve or reject war

n Factions split France n n Same old problems persist Food shortages Government debt Legislative assembly split into 3 groups n n Radicals, moderates, conservative This is where we get our Right, Left, middle

Emigres- nobles who fled wanted to restore 3 Estates n Sans-culottes- those w/o knee breeches n n n Wore regular trousers Wanted greater changes

War and Execution Other European countries nervous about French Revolution n Austria and Prussia urged King Louis to return to an absolute monarch n Legislative Assembly declared war! n Prussian commander threatened French if the royal family was hurt n

n This angered Parisians n n n 20, 000 angry men/women invaded the Palace where King and family were staying Took them as prisoners after killing guards September massacres n n Rumors that prisoners loyal to the King would break out and take Paris Raided prisons and murdered 1, 000 prisoners n Many nobles, priests and royalists

New Constitution n Pressured by radicals to throw out old constitution n n Deposed the king Dissolved the assembly New legislature- National Convention No monarchy, now a republic Males get right to vote, still no voting for women

Jacobins take control Radical political organization (want lots of change) n Louis XVI no longer king, common citizen and a prisoner n n n Tried for treason, found guilty Sentenced to death, beheaded by guillotine

War continues n War w/ Austria/Prussia continuing n n n Great Britain, Holland Spain join against France French begin to lose battles Drafted 300, 000 citizens between 18 and 40 to fight, total 800, 000, w/ women included

The Terror Grips France n Maximilien Robespierre assumes control n n Wanted to build a Republic of Virtue New calendar w/ no sundays n n n Religion dangerous and old fashioned Closed churches Robespierre becomes leader of The Committee of Public Safety n Reign of terror

n Wanted to protect the Revolution from enemies n n n Trial in morning, guillotine in afternoon Killed people for being less radical than Max Around 40, 000 executed n Many peasants, urban poor or middle class who the Revolution was for

End of the Terror n Many people scared of Robespierre n Arrested and executed w/ guillotine Tired of terror, high prices n New plan of government n The Directory n n n Corrupt, got rich at expense of France Napoleon Bonaparte to command the Army.

Ch 7 sec 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire n Napoleon Bonaparte n n Went to military school Joined army when revolution broke out Many military victories n Failed in Egypt, but kept the stories out of the French news n

Coup d’etat-sudden seizure of power n Napoleon returned from Egypt, friends urged him take over n Surrounded legislature w/ troops n n Most legislators fled Remaining dissolved the directory Named Napoleon first Consul

After taking over, went to lead troops and got Britain, Austria and France to sign peace treaties n Europe at peace for first time in 10 yrs. n

Napoleon Rules France n People voted for new constitution n Napoleon has all real power Wanted to improve the economy n Keep revolutionary changes n

n Changes: n n n Efficient tax collection End corruption/ government waste Lycees- government run public schools n n To have trained officials Concordat- recognized church, but church has no influence on national issues n Won him support of the church and the people

n Napoleonic code-more fair laws n n Order and authority over freedom No freedom of speech and press Restored slavery in colonies Declares himself Emporer n Crowned by the Pope

Napoleon Creates an Empire Had trouble with sugar plantation workers in Haiti n Cut losses in the Americas n Sold Louisiana Territory to the US n n n Got the $ Punish the British, humble their pride

Conquering Europe Built largest European Empire since Rome n Battle of Trafalgar n n n Destroyed the French Navy Britain ruled the seas for 100 years

Section 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon was worried about his empire n Josephine gave him no heir n n n Divorced her and formed an alliance with Austria Had a son Napoleon II, named king of Rome

Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes n Continental System n Set up a blockade- closed all ports n n Cutting off all trade/communication for Great Britain w/ Europe Wanted to destroy Great Britain Smugglers still got through Britain responded w/ its own blockade n n Much stronger navy Any neutral ship was sent to GB to be searched/taxed

Peninsular War (delete) n n Napoleon attempted to send invasion force through Spain to Portugal Spanish people angry n n Worried that church would become weaker like in France Guerrillas attacked the French British helped Spain too People around Europe angry at Napoleon, taking pride in their own country against him (Nationalism) n Many people turned against the French

Invasion of Russia n Alexander I of Russia n n n Napoleon’s ally Refused to stop selling grain to England Napoleon invaded Russia w/ 420, 000 n Russians used a scorched earth policy n Leaving nothing for French to eat

n Napoleon chased Russians all the way to Moscow n n n Russians burnt city down rather than let French take it Napoleon stayed in the city until mid Oct. Decided to go back to France Attacked by raiders, many more died of exhaustion hunger and cold Mid December 10, 000 straggled out of Russia

Napoleon’s Downfall n Everyone sensed Napoleon’s weakness n Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden joined forces against weakened France Trained new army, but inexperienced n Defeated quickly in Germany n Allies paraded through France n n Surrendered, exiled him to Elba (small island off of Italy)

The Hundred Days n Louis XVI’s brother Louis XVIII assumed the throne n n Unpopular, wanted to undo revolution Napoleon escaped Elba and was cheered on a march to Paris n n Became Emperor again Enemies quickly reacted with armies

n British prepared to Battle at Waterloo in Belgium n n n Napoleon attacked French troops overrun when Prussians arrived Napoleon shipped to St. Helena, much farther

Congress of Vienna Series of meetings to have stability and security for all of Europe n Metternich was the leader, had 3 goals n n Prevent future aggression from France, surrounded w/ strong countries Restore a balance of power, no 1 country stronger than others Restore royal families that Napoleon removed

Legacy of the Congress of Vienna Size and power of France smaller n Nationalism (pride in one’s country) spread n Ideas about power and authority changed forever n Democracy seen as best way for justice n