The French Revolution Absolutism Absolute monarchs didnt share

The French Revolution

Absolutism • Absolute monarchs didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament • “Divine Right of Kings” King James I of England

The Seigneurial System • Feudal method of land ownership and organization • Peasant labor Receiving a seigneurial grant

Louis XIV • Ruled from 1643– 1715 • Reduced the power of the nobility • Fought four wars • Greatly increased France’s national debt

The Seven Years’ War French and English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca • Louis XV • War fought in Europe, India, North America • France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions • Increases French national debt

The Three Estates • First Estate: clergy • Second Estate: nobility • Third Estate: the rest of society • The Estates General Cartoon depicting the three Estates

The Third Estate • Taxation • Crop failures

The Enlightenment John Locke • New ideas about society and government • The social contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The American Revolution • France supported the colonists against Great Britain • Revolutionary ideals Marquis de Lafayette

Financial Crisis • Jacques Necker • Tax on property • Recommended a calling of the Estates General Finance Minister Jacques Necker

The Estates General • One vote per estate • Clergy and nobility usually joined together to outvote the Third Estate • Met in Versailles in May 1789 • Voting controversy A meeting of the Estates General

The National Assembly • The Third Estate took action and established its own government • On June 17, 1789, the National Assembly was formed

Confrontation With the King • Louis XVI ordered the Third Estate locked out of the National Assembly’s meeting hall • The Tennis Court Oath agreed to meet until constitution • The king reverses his position Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath

Storming of the Bastille • Rioting in Paris in early July • Firing of Necker • July 14 th: a mob storms and takes the Bastille

The Great Fear • Rebellion spreads • Peasants destroy the countryside • End of feudal privileges

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Adopted by National Assembly on August 27 th • Enlightenment ideals • Outlined basic freedoms held by all • Asserted the sovereignty of the people • “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

The March of Women • Lower classes still unsatisfied • Thousands of starving women and peasants march on Versailles • Louis forced to return to Paris

Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Financial crisis • National Assembly confiscates and sells off church lands • Church also secularized, reorganized • Clergy oath of loyalty Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands

Flight of the King • Émigrés-French nobility • Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France • They were arrested at Varennes The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes

Reaction from Other Countries Illustration depicting Prussian King Frederick William III, Austrian Emperor Leopold II, and the Comte d’Artois, Louis XVI’s brother • Declaration of Pillnitz-Austria & Prussia Possible foreign intervention

New Constitution • Constitutional monarchy • New Legislative Assembly • Sans-culottes Painting depicting the 1791 constitution

War With Austria Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792 • France declares war • War of the First Coalition • Levee en masse

The Radicals Take Over Paris crowds storm the Tuileries • Paris mob stormed Tuileries • Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly • Arrested and deposed

The National Convention • First met on September 21, 1792 • Revolutionary Calendar • Monarchy abolished; France officially becomes a republic • Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins A Jacobin club

Leaders in the National Convention Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat

Robespierre • Lawyer • Radical Jacobin • Most controversial figure of the French Revolution

The Guillotine • Dr. Joseph Guillotin • Intended as a more humane method of execution • Thousands guillotined during the French Revolution

Execution of the King • On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason • He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793

The Committee of Public Safety • Created to cease an internal rebellion in 1793 • Given dictatorial power • Ruled France for nearly a year A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety

The Reign of Terror • July 1793– July 1794 • Executions • Death of Robespierre because he was too radical The execution of Marie Antoinette

The Thermidorean Reaction • Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor • Committee of Public Safety dismantled • Jacobin clubs disbanded • New constitution adopted in August 1795 • Executive branch known as the Directory 9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

The Directory • Promoted middle class interests • Financial crisis • Food shortages • Riots in Paris • Rise of Napoleon Cartoon depicting the errors and bad judgment of the Directory

Napoleon Bonaparte • Popularity rises after victories over the Austrians • Conflict with Britain • 1799 Coup d’etat • The Consulate

Napoleon Becomes Emperor 1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor

Legacies of the French Revolution • End of absolutism • Power of nobles ended • Peasants became landowners • Nationalism • Enlightenment ideals

Napoleon’s Rise to Power a Earlier military career the Italian Campaigns: Campaigns § 1796 -1797 he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing. § In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power a Earlier military career the Egyptian Campaign: § 1798 he was defeated by a British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile. § Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

Europe in 1800

Napoleon as “First Consul” a With the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799. a He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead]. § In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life. ” § Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor. ”

The Government of the Consulate a Council of State § Proposed the laws. § Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. a Tribunate § Debated laws, but did not vote on them. a Legislature § Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. a Senate § Had the right to review and veto legislation.

Concordat of 1801 a Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. a But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

Concordat of 1801 in Detail a Catholicism was declared official religion of France a Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. a Bishops subservient to the regime. a Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Code Napoleon, 1804 a It divides civil law into: § § § Personal status. Property. The acquisition of property. a Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. a Create one law code for France.

Haitian Independence, 17921804 Toussaint L’Ouverture took advantage of a weak French state and revolted in Haiti.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15, 000 in 1803 = $200, 000 today!

Napoleonic Europe

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns 1805: France Sea Power Britain Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns 1805: France -Danube -Italy Britain Austria Russia (3 rd Coalition) e ULM: France defeated Austria. e AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns 1806: France Confed. of the Rhine Prussia JENA: French Troops in Berlin! BERLIN DECREES (“Continental System”) 4 th Coalition created

The Continental System a GOAL to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. a Berlin Decrees (1806) § a “Order in Council” (1806) § a Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. Milan Decree (1807) § a British ships were not allowed in European ports. Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. These edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain WAR OF 1812.

The Continental System

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns 1806: France Poland Russia Grand Duchy of Warsaw FRIEDLAND: France defeated Russian troops : France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia!

Peninsular Campaign: 1807 -1810 1806: France Continental System Spain Portugal e Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. e France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. e Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!

“The Spanish Ulcer” a Napoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. a He proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. a He stationed over 100, 000 Fr troops in Madrid. a On May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. a Fr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

“The Spanish Ulcer” a Napoleon now poured 500, 00 troops into Spain over the next few years. a But, the Fr generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. a The British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon. § a They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. The Surrender of Madrid May, 1809 by Goya After 5 long years of savage fighting, Fr troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrennes Mountains out of Spain.

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome e Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany e Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples e e e

Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

The “Big Blunder” -- Russia a The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign (1812 -1813). a In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614, 000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia. § The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon. § They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause]. § The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow a September 14, 1812 Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. a The Russians had set fire to the city.

Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100, 000 French troops retreat— 40, 000 survive!

th The 6 Coalition 1813 -1814: France Napoléon’s Defeat Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

Battle of Dresden (Aug. , 26 -27, 1813) e Coalition Russians, Prussians, Austrians. e Napoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e 100, 000 coalition casualties; 30, 000 French casualties. e French victory.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16 -17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations” Memorial

Napoleon Abdicates! e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11. e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2, 000 francs. e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

Napoleon’s Abdication

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r. 1814 -1824)

“The War of the 7 th Coalition” 1815: France Napoleon’s “ 100 Days” Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states e Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days. e Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.