The French Revolution 1789 France 1789 French Society

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The French Revolution 1789

The French Revolution 1789

France 1789

France 1789

French Society: 18 th Century

French Society: 18 th Century

French Society: 18 th Century

French Society: 18 th Century

The 3 Estates • Late 18 th Century, French Society divided into 3 Estates

The 3 Estates • Late 18 th Century, French Society divided into 3 Estates (classes) • • 1 st Estate Church • • 2 nd Estate Nobles • • 3 rd Estate Everybody Else (owned 10% of the land) paid no taxes (owned 20% of the Land) paid no taxes paid all taxes

The 3 Estates (con’t) 1 st Estate Clergy 1% of French Society 2 nd

The 3 Estates (con’t) 1 st Estate Clergy 1% of French Society 2 nd Estate Wealthy Nobles 2% of French Society 3 rd Estate Everybody Else Mostly Peasants 97% of French Society Paid all taxes

Breakdown of the 3 rd Estate Bourgeoisie (merchants and artisans): They were well-educated believed

Breakdown of the 3 rd Estate Bourgeoisie (merchants and artisans): They were well-educated believed strongly in the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers Wage laborers (cooks, servants etc. ): paid low wages and often out of work Peasants (formed 80% of France’s population): they paid half of their incomes in dues to nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the king

Who’s Above All the Estates? King Louis XVI (16 th)

Who’s Above All the Estates? King Louis XVI (16 th)

King Louis XVI • • 1780’s French King was Louis XVI, great grandson of

King Louis XVI • • 1780’s French King was Louis XVI, great grandson of King Louis XIV “Sun King” Lived in the Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Forces of Change in French Society Enlightenment Ideas Economic Problems Weak Leadership

Forces of Change in French Society Enlightenment Ideas Economic Problems Weak Leadership

Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment: New views about the nature of political power and the

Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment: New views about the nature of political power and the role of government people began to see government role to help the people be Happy and harmonious, not oppressive people began to see themselves as the source of governments’ power, not God (reject Divine Right)

Enlightenment Ideas (con’t) • Economic Problems France population was expanding rapidly in the late

Enlightenment Ideas (con’t) • Economic Problems France population was expanding rapidly in the late 1700’s heavy taxes made it impossible for people to make any profits King Louis XVI kept taxing the people to pay for his debts and elaborate lifestyle

Enlightenment Ideas (con’t) Weak Leadership King Louis XVI allowed problems to linger: He paid

Enlightenment Ideas (con’t) Weak Leadership King Louis XVI allowed problems to linger: He paid no attention to his advisors Louis put off dealing with France’s economic problems until France became bankrupt

Queen Marie Antoinette

Queen Marie Antoinette

 • Queen Marie Antoinette (con’t) Louis’ wife Marie Antoinette was hated by the

• Queen Marie Antoinette (con’t) Louis’ wife Marie Antoinette was hated by the French people: because she was Austrian (France’s enemy at the time) because she spent so much money on jewels and gifts

Estates General • • Not until it was too late did Louis finally do

Estates General • • Not until it was too late did Louis finally do something This was the first such meeting in France in over 175 years! • • May 5, 1789 King Louis XVI called for the Estates General a meeting of representatives from all three estates to discuss tax reform and getting France out of debt

Estates General (con’t)

Estates General (con’t)

The National Assembly • Estates General meeting the first two estates sided with the

The National Assembly • Estates General meeting the first two estates sided with the King: tried to silence members of the third estate (the majority of French society) • This vote was the first step of revolution against King Louis XVI and the first two estates • On June 17, 1789 members of the third estate voted to establish the National Assembly (like Parliament)

Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath (con’t)

Tennis Court Oath (con’t)

Tennis Court Oath (con’t) • • June 20, 1789: third estate representatives were locked

Tennis Court Oath (con’t) • • June 20, 1789: third estate representatives were locked out of their meeting room at the Estates General: they broke down the door to an in-door tennis court They pledged to stay there until they drew up a new constitution for France This pledge is called the Tennis Court Oath

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789 • Treated as France’s Independence Day (Like 4 th

Bastille Day: July 14, 1789 • Treated as France’s Independence Day (Like 4 th of July in America) • Members of the Third Estate were still upset about being locked out of the Estates General Meeting • Bastille: A Prison in Paris where political prisoners were held: people jailed for speaking out against the King • Weapons for the French army were also stored in the Bastille

Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789 • Hundreds of members of the Third

Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789 • Hundreds of members of the Third Estate storm the prison, free prisoners, and steal weapons: They’re armed now!! • The French army was unprepared and unable to stop them • Storming was the symbolic beginning of the French Revolution against the King

Declaration of the Rights of Man • August 27, 1789 the National Assembly adopted

Declaration of the Rights of Man • August 27, 1789 the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of religion and speech Influenced by English Bill of Rights Next step in the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Declaration of the Rights of Man

The Great Fear 1789 Peasants in the countryside Peasants became angry heard that nobles

The Great Fear 1789 Peasants in the countryside Peasants became angry heard that nobles hired and decided to strike first bandits to terrorize them in the countryside Revolution spreads From Paris into French countryside broke into nobles’ mansions, stole things, burned records of their debts, burned mansions

Bread Riots

Bread Riots

Bread Riots 1789 • October 1789 6, 000 women in Paris rioted over the

Bread Riots 1789 • October 1789 6, 000 women in Paris rioted over the price of bread • They demanded the King and Queen leave their palace of Versailles and return to Paris (13 miles) • • They then marched on the palace of Versailles and killed two guards This signaled the change of power from the King to the people

The Legislative Assembly The National Assembly created a limited Constitutional Monarchy The National Assembly

The Legislative Assembly The National Assembly created a limited Constitutional Monarchy The National Assembly handed its power over to the newly formed Legislative Assembly. September 1791 the National Assembly completed a new constitution stripped the King of his power: gave Legislative Assembly power to create laws The Legislative Assembly had the power to create laws Legislative Assembly had power to approve/disapprove of any wars the King declared on other nations

Legislative Assembly Divided into 3 groups Radicals: opposed the King, wanted sweeping changes (Left

Legislative Assembly Divided into 3 groups Radicals: opposed the King, wanted sweeping changes (Left Wing) Moderates: wanted some changes in society, not as many as radicals (Center) Conservatives: wanted limited monarchy, wanted few changes in society (Right Wing)

The Emigres Nobles and clergymen who fled France during the peasant uprisings. They hoped

The Emigres Nobles and clergymen who fled France during the peasant uprisings. They hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the old regime

The Sans-Culottes • wage laborers and small shop-keepers from Paris • They wanted a

The Sans-Culottes • wage laborers and small shop-keepers from Paris • They wanted a greater voice in government, lower food prices, and an end to food shortages did not get a voice in government but they found a way to exert their will in government: by influencing a political party that later seized control of France (the Jacobins)

The Jacobins • Formed an alliance with the Sans-Culottes • Jacobins: extreme radical revolutionaries,

The Jacobins • Formed an alliance with the Sans-Culottes • Jacobins: extreme radical revolutionaries, wanted to end the monarchy and establish representative democracy (The people vote for elected officials to establish laws) • They eventually do take over the Legislative Assembly and the whole government

The Reign of Terror • The Guillotine

The Reign of Terror • The Guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre • Maniac leader of the Committee of Public Safety: responsible for tens

Maximilien Robespierre • Maniac leader of the Committee of Public Safety: responsible for tens of thousands of deaths

Committee of Public Safety

Committee of Public Safety

The Reign of Terror July 1793 -July 1794 A Group of 15 Jacobins take

The Reign of Terror July 1793 -July 1794 A Group of 15 Jacobins take over the French Government: The Committee of Public Safety Led By Maximilien Robespierre Publicly Executed anyone they deemed an enemy of the revolution (no trials)

Reign of Terror (con’t) • Impact • Over 40, 000 people killed in one

Reign of Terror (con’t) • Impact • Over 40, 000 people killed in one year 75%+ of those killed from 3 rd Estate! (The Revolution was supposed to be for them!

Reign of Terror (con’t) • Death of King Louis XVI • January 21, 1793

Reign of Terror (con’t) • Death of King Louis XVI • January 21, 1793 Louis publicly executed by the Jacobins; Marie Antoinette executed 10/16/1793

Death of Robespierre • Eventually the public withdrew support of Robespierre: too many senseless

Death of Robespierre • Eventually the public withdrew support of Robespierre: too many senseless killings • Other members of the Committee of Public Safety wanted to kill him before he killed them • July 28, 1794 Robespierre publicly executed in Paris • His death signals the end of the Reign of Terror

The Directory • After the Reign of Terror a new group of 5 Moderates

The Directory • After the Reign of Terror a new group of 5 Moderates take over the government: The Directory • The people wanted new less violent leadership • The Directory rules France from November 1795 -November 1799 • The Directory was ineffective and corrupt: allowed for ____to eventually take over……

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte