The French and Indian War 1754 63 British

The French and Indian War 1754 -63 British Victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists.

Essential Questions How did land claims lead to the French. Indian War? Why did Native Americans ally with the French in the French/Indian War? What were the effects of the French/Indian War for the American colonies, the British, French, & Natives?

Rivals for an Empire Britain for an Empire In the 1750’s, Britain and France build empires; both want the Ohio River Valley

F/I War Ohio • Ohio Valley river systems important to England France…. • Both countries claimed these areas which were disputed…. • Both countries built forts to defend their land claims….

France’s North American Empire France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley. By 1754, French colony of New France has a small population French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests. French have good relations, military alliances with natives. WHY?

English. French rivalry worldwide would erupt into a world war. War begins over land disputes in the Ohio British want Valley part of fur trade and the 2 openings into North FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS OF WAR FOUGHT FOR THE CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA England the 13 Colonies fight together to defend their empire. Against the French, Indian allies and Spanish George Washington starts this war

• 1754 • British concerned about French forts in Virginia territory. • Send Washington, a major in the Virginia militia, to the Allegheny River Valley. • Washington leads 300 men against the French at Fort Duquesne and kills over a 100 French. • Along the way, Washington builds Fort Necessity. The fort falls to the French in a skirmish that will lead to the French and Indian War. • A British statesman later wrote about Washington’s first skirmish: “The volley fired by a young Virginian in the

Albany Plan • 1754: Albany Congress – convened by British, led by Franklin ~ 1 st attempt at colonial unity ~ only 7 of 13 colonies there • Purpose: keep Iroquois loyal, bolster defense against France through colonial unity • Franklin sponsored plan for colonial home rule, unanimously adopted by delegates • Colonies rejected: not enough independence • London rejected: too much independence

Early French Victories-General Braddock’s army ambushed near Ft. Duquense. 1766 -56, British lose repeated battles to French and native allies

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of • Indian-style guerilla • March in formation Fighting: tactics. or bayonet charge. Military • Col. militias served • Br. officers wanted Organization: under own captains. to control colonials. Military Discipline: • No mil. deference or • Drills & tough protocols observed. discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising • Colonists should pay for own defense. taxes. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

1757 William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister William Pitt and the Iroquois turn the tide • William Pitt helps the British win battles; Iroquois join British. • 1759 British capture of Quebec leads to victory in the war.

1763 Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Victory Brings New Problems • Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts • British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened. • Proclamation of 1763 – colonists cannot settle west of Appalachains

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763.

British land policy to temporarily keep the colonists out of Indian land until treaties could be negotiated with the tribes. • Colonial pioneers such as Daniel Boone, defied the Proclamation of 1763 and crossed the Appalachians and settled areas in what would become Kentucky. • The belief that the land westward was sacred land, fought and died for and that it was their birthright…. It belonged to them. birthright • The “American Dream” Dream could be found out west led many colonists to defy the Proclamation of 1763 and cross the Appalachians.

The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart • British Policies Anger • Problems Resulting from Colonists War – Colonists feel threatened • *Halt to western by Br. Troops stationed in expansion upsets colonies colonists – Prime Minister George • *Tensions in Mass. Greenville sets policies to Increase over pay for war debt smuggling – Parliament passes the Sugar Act of 1764 • *Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, b-nesses, & homes

Essential Questions time to answer How did land claims lead to the French. Indian War? Why did Native Americans ally with the French in the French/Indian War? What were the effects of the French/Indian War for the American colonies, the British, French, & Natives?