The Francesco Forti INFN and University Pisa Laboratori

The Francesco Forti, INFN and University, Pisa Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, October 12, 2007 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project

Outline n n n n Why high luminosity flavour physics The Super. B Accelerator The Super. B Detector Conceptual Design Report The Tor Vergata site Perspectives More details in “Future Facilities” Parallel session presentations ¨ Adrian Bevan – Physics case ¨ Eugenio Paoloni – Detector design Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 2

The Oct 12, 2007 Physics case F. Forti - Super. B Project

Why flavour physics 1. Explore the origin of CP violation Key element for understanding the matter content of our present universe (Sakharov argument) n Established in the B meson in 2001 n 2. Precisely measure parameters of the standard model of fundamental interactions Probably the most accurately verified physical theory of all times n Disentangle the complicated interplay between weak processes and strong interaction effects n 3. Search for the effects of physics beyond the standard model (aka NP=New Physics) in loop diagrams and interference phenomena n Sensitive to large NP scale, phases and coupling constants Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 4

The case for a high luminosity flavour factory n n Prejudice: if there is New Physics at the Te. V scale it must have a flavor/CP structure. New heavy quanta can be detected through precision measurement of processes involving loop diagrams ¨ n n Statistics of O(50 ab-1 = 50 x 109 B’s) is necessary to reduce the experimental error below theoretical uncertainty for the most sensitive analyses Physics reach is complementary to LHC-LHCb: ¨ ¨ n Forbidden or suppressed in SM, potentially large NP effects many rare decays are not accessible at LHC; sensitivity to off-diagonal term of squark mixing matrix, test of LFV in decays possibility of running at different energies: from threshold to U(5 s) Power to discriminate among different NP models Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 5

More Flavour Physics ? We want to get hold of New Physics ! tor ier nt fro gy er En mass and mixing, CPV, and LFV ec New physics ns Mass spectrum, interactions pto Le LHC, ILC experiments, g -2, ge , etc. Quark sector LFV, CPV Flavor mixing, CP phases factor LHCb, K experiments… Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 6

Flavour Physics of Tomorrow BTe. V Super. B LHCb T ZO ATLAS Oct 12, 2007 CMS F. Forti - Super. B Project 7

sin 2 b and penguin diagrams In SM interference between B mixing, K mixing and Penguin b sss or b sdd gives the same e-2 ib as in tree process b ccs. However loops can also be sensitive to New Physics! New phases from SUSY? Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 8

N. P. sensitivity An example: MSSM. . . MSSM with non diagonal mass insertion S. M. Oct 12, 2007 Constraint from Δmd Constraint from sin 2β & cos 2β Constraint from sin 2β All constraints F. Forti - Super. B Project L. Silvestrini (Super. B IV) 9

B leptonic decays n n Test of / universality O(10%) Enhancement in GUT-SUSY models Precision with 50 ab-1 at Super. B ~ 7% Paradisi, Masiero, Petronzio ’ 05, Isidori, Paradisi ’ 06 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 10

Possible runs at Y(5 S): Bs • NO oscillations • Only partially integrated time dependent asymmetries ΔΓs, possible A (s) YES Bs -> μμ YES Bs -> γγ YES sl M. Renga @ Super. B iv Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 11

B Beams n Fully reconstruct one the two Bs in hadronic modes High efficiency: a few per mille ¨ > 107 recoil Bs in 10 ab-1 ¨ n Obtain a pure B Beam on the other side High purity sample Can look at channels with a lot of missing energy. ¨ For example BR(B nothing) measured. ¨ ¨ Oct 12, 2007 Recoil cinematics well known Recoil flavor and charge is determined F. Forti - Super. B Project 12

Super B factory and Super LHCb: Sensitivity Comparison ~2020 LHCb 100 fb-1 vs Super-B factory 50 ab-1 Bs time dependent analysis only accessible to LHCB ·LHCb ·Super B Super. B numbers from M Hazumi - Flavour in LHC era workshop; LHCb numbers from Muheim CDF numbers from Ristori CDF an important player Common No IP, Neutrals, , only accessible to Super. B Preliminary Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 13

D 0 mixing n n Recent measurements from Babar and Belle demonstrated Bfactory capabilities in charm physics Possibility to measure CP violation in the charm sector Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 14

n Lepton Flavour Violation n SUSY breaking at low energies should result in LFV ¨ [e. g. , e ]. n n n are an incredibly rich laboratory Super. B will produce as many ’s as B’s Beam polarization possible magnetic moment measurement is the golden channel for LFV searches at Super. B. Current Best Limit New Physics ? Super. B sensitivity @ 10 ab-1 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 15

Super. B Physics case n There is a solid case for a Super. B collecting more than 50 ab-1: ¨ Precision measurements allowing to detect discrepancies from the standard model n ¨ ¨ ¨ n Theoretical precision allows (or will allow) this in many channels Rare decay measurements Lepton flavour violation In addition: possibility to run at tau/charm threshold, polarized beam See for example: ¨ ¨ ¨ The Discovery Potential of a Super B Factory (Slac-R-709) Letter of Intent for KEK Super B Factory (KEK Report 2004 -4 ) Physics at Super B Factory (hepex/0406071) Super. B report (hep-ex/0512235) Super. B CDR (INFN/AE-07/02, SLAC-R 856, LAL 07 -15) Many documents available at the URL : www. pi. infn. it/Super. B Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project © by Ciuchini 16

The Oct 12, 2007 Accelerator F. Forti - Super. B Project

e+ e- colliders Super-Factories Storage rings Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 18

How to increase L ? (cont) “Brute force” method But. . . n HOM in beam pipe n Increase beam currents Decrease by* n Decrease bunch length n ¨ n n smaller dinamic aperture RF voltage increase ¨ n Oct 12, 2007 Detector backgrounds increase Chromaticity increase ¨ n overheating, instabilities, power costs, instabilities Shorter LER Touschek lifetime F. Forti - Super. B Project 19

Hourglass effect To squeeze the vertical beam * y dimensions, and increase L, by at IP must be decreased. This is efficient only if at the same time the bunch length is shortened to » by value, or particles in the head and tail of the bunch will see a larger by. Reduced bunch length increased energy spread reduced cross section at Y(4 S) Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project Bunch length 20

A new idea. . . P. Raimondi’s idea to focus more the beams at IP and have a “large” crossing angle large Piwinski angle n n Ultra-low emittance (ILC-DR like) Very small b at IP Large crossing angle “Crab Waist” scheme Test at DAFNE next Fall !!! Oct 12, 2007 n n Small collision area Lower b is possible NO parasitic crossings NO synchro-betatron resonances due to crossing angle F. Forti - Super. B Project 21

Large crossing angle, small x-size 1) Head-on, Short bunches x z Overlap region (1) and (2) have same Luminosity, but (2) has longer bunches and smaller x With large crossing angle the x and z planes are swapped 2) Large crossing angle, long bunches sz x Large Piwinski angle: F = tg(q)sz/sx y waist can be moved along z with a sextupole on both sides of IP at proper phase Oct 12, 2007 Y - Super. B Project F. Forti “Crab Waist” 22

IP beam distributions for KEKB An example. . . KEKB Super. B I (A) 1. 7 2. y* (mm) 6 0. 3 x* (mm) 300 20 sy* (mm) 3 0. 035 sx* (mm) 80 6 sz (mm) 6 5 L (cm-2 s-1) 1. 7 x 1034 1. x 1036 Here is Luminosity gain F. Forti - Super. B Project IP beam distributions for Super. B Oct 12, 2007 23

Comparison between machines PEPII KEKB Super. B current 2. 5 A 1. 7 A 2. 3 A betay 10 mm 6 mm 0. 3 mm betax 400 mm 300 mm 20 mm Emity (sigmay) 23 nm (~100 m) ~ the same (~80 m) 1, 6 nm (~6 m) y/x coupling (sigma y) 0, 5 -1 % (~6 m) 0. 1 % (~3 m) 0, 25 % (0, 035 m) Bunch length 10 mm 6 mm Tau l/t 16/32 msec ~ the same 16/32 msec zy 0. 07 0. 16 L 1. 2 1034 1. 7 1034 1 1036 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 24

Machine parameters n Present parameter set based on ILCDR-like parameters 3. 0 Km long rings studied with ILC OCS (Baseline) lattice scaled to 4 and 7 Ge. V ¨ ¨ n Crossing angle and “crab waist” to maximize luminosity and minimize blowup ¨ n n Corresponds to a lot of money Maximize Luminosity keeping low DE and wall power. ¨ n Test will start in Nov 2007 on DAFNE. Use PEP-KEK DR damping time 17 ms Fewer and lower field wigglers used Final Focus (ILC-like) included Design based on recycling all PEP-II hardware, Bends, Quads and Sexts, and RF system ¨ n Same DR emittances Same DR bunch length 1. 5 times DR bunch charges Same ILC-IP betas Total power: 35 MW, as in PEP-II Simulations performed in many places and different codes: ¨ LNF, BINP, KEK, LAL, CERN Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 25

The Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project Detector

Detector n Babar and Belle designs have proven to be very effective for BFactory physics n Follow the same ideas for Super. B detector ¨ Try to reuse same components as much as possible ¨ n ¨ ¨ ¨ Main issues Machine backgrounds – not much larger than in Babar/Belle ¨ Beam energy asymmetry – a bit smaller ¨ Strong interaction with machine design ¨ ¨ ¨ A Super. B detector is possible with today’s technology Baseline is reusing large (expensive) parts of Babar (or Belle) ¨ Quartz bars of the DIRC ¨ Barrel EMC Cs. I(Tl) crystal and mechanical structure ¨ Superconducting coil and flux return yoke. Some areas require moderate R&D and engineering developments to improve performance ¨ ¨ Oct 12, 2007 ¨ n Small beam pipe technology Thin silicon pixel detector first layer Drift chamber CF mechanical structure, gas and cell size Photon detection for DIRC quartz bars Forward PID system (TOF or focusing RICH) Forward calorimeter crystals (LSO) Minos-style scintillator for Instrumented flux return Electronics and trigger – need to revise Bfactory “½-track” trigger style Computing – large data amount More details in: www. pi. infn. it/Super. B/node/159 - Super. B Italy Meeting on detector R&D ¨ indico. lal. in 2 p 3. fr/conference. Display. py? conf. Id=167 – Paris workshop (May 9 -11) ¨ F. Forti - Super. B Project 27

Detector Layout – Reuse parts of Babar (or Belle) BASELINE OPTION Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 28

The Super. B Process n International Super. B Study Group on ¨ n International steering committee established, chaired by M. A. Giorgi. Members from ¨ ¨ n Physics case, Machine, Detector Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, UK, US Regular interaction with Japan, although not formalized Regular workshops Five workshop held (2 in Frascati, 1 in SLAC, 1 Villa Mondragone, 1 Paris) ¨ Super. B Meeting at Daresbury ¨ Accelerator retreat at SLAC in 2006 ¨ Accelerator Retreat at SLAC Sep 17 -21, 2007 ¨ n Conceptual Design Report n Ready, printed and distributed. Describe Physics case, Accelerator, Detector, including costing International review ongoing More information: www. pi. infn. it/Super. B ¨ ¨ http: //www. pi. infn. it/Super. B/seminars Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 29

CDR Ready !!!! The CDR of Super. B is ready! INFN/AE-07/02, SLAC-R-856, LAL 07 -15 Available at: www. pi. infn. it/Super. B arxiv. org/abs/0709. 0451 476 pages Printed and available Copies can be requested from Lucia. Lilli@pi. infn. it Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 30

Signatures: some numbers n 320 Signatures; 85 institutions n 174 Babar members ¨ 65 non Babar exper. Signatures breakdown by country Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 31

CDR Review n An International Review Committee has been appointed by INFN. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ n n n The review is scheduled for Nov 12 -13, 2007. A first report is expected end 2007 The final report foreseen in spring 2008 ¨ n After the results of the LNF test of crab waist foreseen in fall 2007 Already presented to ECFA in the summer ¨ n John Dainton – UK/Daresbury, chair Jacques Lefrancois – F/Orsay Antonio Masiero – I/Padova Rolf Heuer – D/ Desy Daniel Schulte – CERN Abe Seiden – USA/UCSC Young-Kee Kim – USA/FNAL Hiroaki Aihara – Japan/Tokyo Very positive reaction Presentation to the CERN strategy group foreseen in spring 2008 ¨ Coordinates all projects in european HEP for research infrastructure n INFRA-2007 -2. 2. 1. 33: Projects in the European strategy for particle physics (CERN Council) Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 32

Super. B where ? n n The Super. B conceptual design is largely site independent A possible site is on the Università di Roma Tor Vergata campus n n n Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project Area available Strong interest of University and INFN Tunnel at about 12 m Synergy with approved FEL (SPARX) Engineering group created Feasibility study in preparation 33

Super. B Summary and Outlook The physics case for a high luminosity B Factory is clearly established n The Super. B accelerator concept allows to reach and exceed the 1036 threshold n There is a growing international interest and participation n R&D is proceeding on various items n A conceptual design report is ready for review n Next issues are: site, money, people n Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 34

BACKUP SLIDES Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project

DAFNE test expected results n n The upgrade of DAFNE run with a new collision scheme with large Piwinski angle and small beam sizes will allow for peak luminosities in excess of 1033 cm-2 s-1 even without the “crabbing” sextupoles The use of “crab waist” sextupoles will add a bonus for suppression of dangerous resonances Brand new IRs layout and equipments have been designed and constructed and will be ready by next Fall to start commissioning The test will have the fundamental function of validating the simulation Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 36

How to increase L ? (example Super-KEKB) x 3 (HER) / x 5 (LER) x 0. 5 x 50 Oct 12, 2007 x 4 F. Forti - Super. B Project 37

Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 38

Machine design evolution n n An accelerator retreat is in progress as we speak There is still margin for design optimization ¨ Length reduction 1780 ¨ Power reduction n n n 12 MW at 1036 or 35 MW at 4 x 1036 Beam polarization ¨ Very desirable for physics ¨ Various designs possible n ¨ In Solution with abnout 4° vertical bends (spin rotators) favoured progress Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 39

Backgrounds n Dominated by QED cross section ¨ Low currents / high luminosity n Beam-gas are not a problem n SR fan can be shielded Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 40

We have an IR design coping with main BKG source Radiative Bha Need serious amount of shielding to prevent the produced shower from reaching the detector. Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 41

Asymmetry and beam pipe radius n Lower boost advantegeous for machine design Babar: 9 + 3. 1 βγ=0. 56 , Belle: ¨ Super. B: 7 + 4 βγ=0. 28 ¨ n we can afford to have a lower boost only if the vertexing resolution is good: small radius beam pipe ¨ very little material in b. p. and first layer ¨ n 8 + 3. 5 βγ=0. 45 Vertex separation significance <Dz>/ (Dz) vs b A b. p. with r ~1 cm is highly desirable Present Babar value Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 42

Beam pipe n n 1. 0 cm inner radius Be inner wall ¨ n 8 water cooled channels (0. 3 mm thick) ¨ n n Power ≈ 1 k. W Peek outer wall Outer radius ≈ 1. 2 cm Thermal simulation shows max T ≈ 55°C Issues ¨ ¨ n ≈ 4 um inside Au coating Connection to rest of b. p. Be corrosion Outer wall may be required to be thermally conductive to cool pixels Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 43

SVT 20 cm Layer 0 30 cm n Baseline: use an SVT similar to the Babar one, complemented by one or two inner layers. ¨ n n 40 cm Question on whether it would possible/economical to add a layer between SVT and DCH, or move L 5 to larger radius Cannot reuse because of radiation damage Beam pipe radius is paramount ¨ ¨ ¨ inner radius: 1. 0 cm, layer 0 radius: 1. 2 cm, thickness: 0. 5% X 0 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 44

The BABAR Detector 1. 5 T solenoid EMC 6580 Cs. I(Tl) crystals e+ (3. 1 Ge. V) DIRC (PID) 144 quartz bars 11000 PMs e- (9 Ge. V) Drift Chamber 40 stereo layers Instrumented Flux Return iron / RPCs (muon / neutral hadrons) Silicon Vertex Tracker 5 layers, double sided strips SVT: 97% efficiency, 15 m z hit resolution (inner layers, perp. tracks) SVT+DCH: (p. T)/p. T = 0. 13 % p. T + 0. 45 %, (z 0) = 65 @ 1 Ge. V/c DIRC: K- separation 4. 2 @ 3. 0 Ge. V/c 2. 5 @ 4. 0 Ge. V/c EMC: E/E = 2. 3 % E-1/4 1. 9 % Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 45

Pair production n Huge cross section (7. 3 mbarn) Produced particles have low energy and loop in the magnetic field Most particles are outside the detector acceptance Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 46

Why not an all-silicon tracker Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 47

The Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project Budget

Cost estimate n A full cost estimate of the Super. B project has been done ¨ ¨ ¨ n Based on Babar/PEP-II actual costs Escalated from 1995 to 2007 Bottom-up for almost all elements Separate new components from reused elements Replacement value of reused components = how much would it cost today to rebuild those components (extrapolated from Babar/PEP-II costs) ¨ New costs: everything that’s needed today, including refurbishing ¨ Transport is not included, but disassembly and reassembly is. ¨ n Keep separate categories: EDIA: engineering, design, inspection and administration (manmonths) ¨ Labour: technicians (man-months) ¨ Materials and Services: 2007 Euros. ¨ n All details available in the CDR ¨ We have not tried to fully optimize the cost yet. Some reduction might be possible Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 49

Accelerator and site costs Note: site cost estimate not as detailed as other estimates. Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 50

Detector cost Note: options in italics are not summed. We chose to sum the options we considered most likely/necessary. Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 51

Schedule n Overall schedule dominated by: ¨ Site construction ¨ PEP-II/Babar disassembly, transport, and reassembly n We consider possible to reach the commissioning phase after 5 years from T 0. Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 52

What money ? n The Super. B budget model still needs to be fully developed. It is based on the following elements (all being negotiated) ¨ Italian government ad hoc contribution ¨ Regione Lazio contribution ¨ INFN regular budget ¨ EU contribution ¨ In-kind contribution (PEP-II + Babar elements) ¨ Partner countries contributions n Clearly the Super. B project is inherently international and will need to be managed internationally Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 53

. . . and. . . n Higher luminosity with same currents and bunch length: ¨ Beam instabilities are less severe ¨ Manageable HOM heating ¨ No coherent synchrotron radiation of short bunches ¨ No excessive power consumption Oct 12, 2007 n Lower beam-beam tune shifts n Relatively easier to make small x w. r. t. short z Problem of parasitic collisions becomes negligible due to higher crossing angle and smaller x n F. Forti - Super. B Project 54

The Oct 12, 2007 Physics case F. Forti - Super. B Project

UTfit as now and with Super. B Triangle vertex Determined by N. P. free processes 1 ab-1 50 ab-1 With 50 ab-1 g is measured at 1° level Theoretical uncertainties on sides could be reduced: (V. Lubicz, Super. B IV Villa Mondragone nov. 2006) Vub : 2% (excl. ) 2% (incl. )Vcb : 1% (excl. ) 0. 5% (incl. ) Oct 12, 2007 May 24, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project KAON 07, Frascati Peter Križan, Ljubljana

LP 07: b from b g s Penguins Smaller than bgccs in all of 9 modes Theory tends to predict positive shifts (originating from phase in Vts) More statistics crucial for mode -by-mode studies! Oct 12, 2007 May 24, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project KAON 07, Frascati Peter Križan, Ljubljana

B ICHEP 06 Browder (Belle) Sekula (Ba. Bar) Important as W (suppressed by Vub) can be replaced by charged Higgs, etc SM prediction (1. 59 0. 40) x 10 -4 (depends on f. B and Vub) Difficult due to neutrinos in the final state tag with fully reconstructed B mesons (180 channels) (new) (revised). 3. 5 significance Tag with B D(*)l BF<1. 80@90%CL Averaged (1. 36 0. 48)x 10 -4 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 58

LFV at Super. B to discriminate among models G. Isidori IV Super. B nov 2006 Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 59

What’s in store: Physics reach at Super. B From ’ 05 T. Iijima talk 50 ab-1 Super. B 2 fb-1 LHCb CKM W/ FCNC CPV (b s) 5 ab-1 Super. B Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 60

K(*)l+l- for NP l l pair forward-backward asymmetry vs q 2 is sensitive to NP in the loop, altering the helicity structure zero crossing predicted with very little theoretical uncertainties ICHEP 06 Kovalskyi Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 61

Richness n n Vus are an incredibly rich laboratory Super. B will produce as many ’s as B’s Beam polarization possible magnetic moment measurement Lepton Universality Lepton Flavour Violation direct signal of new physics Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project 62

Super. KEKB strategy • Target luminosity is 8 x 1035 cm-2 s-1. • Use components of KEKB as much as possible: magnets, klystrons, tunnel, existing facilities, . . . • Continuous injection and a powerful injection system is necessary: considerable experience with the continuous injection, operated successfully at KEKB. • Ultra-High beam current: 9. 1 A(LER) and 4. 1 A(HER). • Low beta function at IP to improve luminosity – Interaction region(IR) should be designed to satisfy requirements of low beta at IP, physical and dynamic aperture, SR, detector backgrounds, etc. • Finite crossing and crab crossing scheme is needed for a ultra. Oct 12, 2007 F. Forti - Super. B Project high May beam-beam parameter. 24, 2007 KAON 07, Frascati Peter Križan, Ljubljana

K. Oide (Leading Japanese Accelerator Physicist) “Dai-repoton keikaku” Budget of Japanese accelerator physicists Oct 12, 2007 Official Announcement May 24, 2007 from F. Forti - Super. B Project KEK director A. Suzuki KAON 07, Frascati on Super. Peter B expected in 2007 Križan, Ljubljana