THE FOUNDING FATHERS AND MOTHERS QUARTER 2 2018

THE FOUNDING FATHERS. . . AND MOTHERS QUARTER 2, 2018 -2019

PATRICK HENRY

PATRICK HENRY—(1736 -1799) • CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL ORATORS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION • GOAL WAS TO UNITE COLONISTS TO HELP WIN INDEPENDENCE • HIS “SPEECH IN THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION” HELPED TURN THE COLONIAL SENTIMENT AGAINST NEGOTIATION AND TOWARDS WAR • HENRY’S POSITION: THE BRITISH ARE PREPARING FOR WAR, COLONISTS HAVE TRIED TO REASON WITH THE BRITISH, DISCUSSION CAN NO LONGER PREVENT THE INEVITABLE, COLONISTS ARE BEING IGNORED, BRITAIN WANTS THE COLONISTS TO RETREAT INTO SLAVERY

• WHAT DO PEOPLE MEAN WHEN THEY SAY, “HE’S THINKING WITH HIS HEART”? OR “SHE’S USING HER HEAD”? DISCUSS THIS WITH YOUR ELBOW PARTNER. • NOW READ “SPEECH AT THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION” BEGINNING ON 169. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW ON A SHEET OF NOTEBOOK PAPER THAT WILL BE HANDED IN NEXT WEEK. • WITH A PARTNER, MAKE A CHART IN YOUR NOTES. HEAD HEART • LIST PHRASES/STATEMENTS BY HENRY THAT ILLUSTRATE EITHER LOGIC (HEAD) OR EMOTION (HEART) • NOW, ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -6 ON P. 171 UNDER THE CHART.

READ “SPEECH AT THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION”— 169 -171 • WHAT DO PEOPLE MEAN WHEN THEY SAY, “HE’S THINKING WITH HIS HEART”? • “SHE’S USING HER HEAD” • WITH A PARTNER, MAKE A CHART IN YOUR NOTES. HEAD HEART • LIST PHRASES/STATEMENTS BY HENRY THAT ILLUSTRATE EITHER LOGIC (HEAD) OR EMOTION (HEART) • NOW, ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -6 ON P. 171 UNDER THE CHART.

THE ART OF RHETORIC Graphic taken from Pintrest

RHETORIC: • THE ART OF SPEAKING AND WRITING EFFECTIVELY

4 TYPES OF ARGUMENT • LOGOS • BASED ON LOGIC OR REASON • SCHOLARLY DOCUMENTS, WORK DOCUMENTS • ETHOS • BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF THE SPEAKER • RELIES ON THE REPUTATION OF THE AUTHOR. • BASED ON DOING THE • PATHOS • BASED ON EMOTION • ADVERTISEMENTS TEND TO BE PATHOS-DRIVEN. KAIROS • BUILDING A FEELING OF URGENCY • WE HAVE TO ACT NOW

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? Pathos

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? Etho s

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? Kairo s

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? Logo s

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? "A BRILLIANT YOUNG WOMAN I KNOW WAS ASKED ONCE TO SUPPORT HER ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF SOCIAL WELFARE. SHE NAMED THE MOST POWERFUL SOURCE IMAGINABLE: THE LOOK IN A MOTHER'S FACE WHEN SHE CANNOT FEED HER CHILDREN. CAN YOU LOOK THAT HUNGRY CHILD IN THE EYES? SEE THE BLOOD ON HIS FEET FROM WORKING BAREFOOT IN THE COTTON FIELDS. OR DO YOU ASK HIS BABY SISTER WITH HER BELLY SWOLLEN FROM HUNGER IF SHE CARES ABOUT HER DADDY'S WORK ETHICS? " (NATE PARKER AS HENRY LOWE IN THE GREAT DEBATERS, 2007) Pathos

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? • “IF YOU LIKE APPLES, YOU LIKE CINNAMON, AND YOU LIKE THINGS THAT ARE SWEET, YOU MUST ENJOY APPLE PIE. ” • LOGOS

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? " SELDOM DO I PAUSE TO ANSWER CRITICISM OF MY WORK AND IDEAS. IF I SOUGHT TO ANSWER ALL THE CRITICISMS THAT CROSS MY DESK, MY SECRETARIES WOULD HAVE LITTLE TIME FOR ANYTHING OTHER THAN SUCH CORRESPONDENCE IN THE COURSE OF THE DAY, AND I WOULD HAVE NO TIME FOR CONSTRUCTIVE WORK…”MLK “LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL” • ETHOS

WHAT TYPE OF ARGUMENT IS IT? “AND SO, MY FELLOW AMERICANS: ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU — ASK WHAT YOU CAN DO FOR YOUR COUNTRY. ”-JFK “PEACE CORP SPEECH” ETHOS

GO BACK TO PATRICK HENRY’S SPEECH: • OF THE FOUR TYPES OF RHETORIC, WHICH TWO ARGUE FROM “THE HEAD” AND WHICH TWO FROM “THE HEART”? • LOGOS/ETHOS = HEAD • PATHOS/KAIROS = HEART

OTHER TYPES OF RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES

ADDITIONAL RHETORIC VOCABULARY • PARALLELISM: THE REPEATED USE OF PHRASES, CLAUSES, OR SENTENCES THAT ARE SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE AND MEANING. • “HE HAS PLUNDERED OUR SEAS, RAVAGED OUR COASTS, BURNED OUR TOWNS, AN DESTROYED THE LIVES OF OUR PEOPLE” (THOMAS JEFFERSON).

MORE RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES • LOADED OR CHARGED WORDS: WORDS WITH STRONG CONNOTATIONS LIKELY TO PRODUCE AN EMOTIONAL RESPONSE • REPETITION: A LITERARY DEVICE THAT REPEATS THE SAME WORDS OR PHRASES A FEW TIMES TO MAKE AN IDEA CLEARER • AS A RHETORICAL DEVICE, IT COULD BE A WORD, A PHRASE OR A FULL SENTENCE, OR A POETIC LINE REPEATED TO EMPHASIZE ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE

THINK BACK TO PATRICK HENRY’S SPEECH: • OF THE FOUR TYPES OF RHETORIC, WHICH TWO ARGUE FROM “THE HEAD” AND WHICH TWO FROM “THE HEART”? • LOGOS/ETHOS = HEAD • PATHOS/KAIROS = HEART

THOMAS PAINE

THOMAS PAINE— 1743 -1826 • EMIGRATED FROM ENGLAND TO THE COLONIES IN 1774 AFTER MEETING BENJAMIN FRANKLIN IN ENGLAND • BEGAN A CAREER AS A JOURNALIST • JANUARY 1776—PUBLISHED A PAMPHLET CALLED COMMON SENSE IN WHICH HE ARGUED THE AMERICANS MUST FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE. • WROTE A SERIES OF ESSAYS CALLED THE AMERICAN CRISIS; WASHINGTON ORDERED PAINE’S ESSAY TO BE READ TO THE TROOPS BEFORE THEY CROSSED THE DELAWARE RIVER AND FOUGHT IN THE BATTLE OF TRENTON TO RAISE THEIR MORALE • LATER WORKS SUPPORTED THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, BUT SHORTLY BEFORE HE DIED, PAINE WROTE AN ESSAY ATTACKING ORGANIZED RELIGION AND THIS TURNED PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST HIM

READ “THE CRISIS, NUMBER 1”—P. 144 -45 UNDER YOUR ANSWERS FROM PATRICK HENRY, MAKE A CHART: LOGOS ETHOS PATHOS KAIROS LIST ARGUMENTS FROM “THE CRISIS, NUMBER 1” UNDER THE APPROPRIATE CATEGORY. (TRY TO FIND 2 EXAMPLES FOR EACH) ALSO, MAKE A LIST OF LOADED WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE ESSAY.

RHETORIC REVIEW

4 TYPES OF ARGUMENT • LOGOS • BASED ON LOGIC OR REASON • SCHOLARLY DOCUMENTS, WORK DOCUMENTS • ETHOS • BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF THE SPEAKER • RELIES ON THE REPUTATION OF THE AUTHOR. • BASED ON DOING THE • PATHOS • BASED ON EMOTION • ADVERTISEMENTS TEND TO BE PATHOS-DRIVEN. KAIROS • BUILDING A FEELING OF URGENCY • WE HAVE TO ACT NOW

ANALYSIS OF “THE CRISIS NUMBER 1” MAKE A CHART: LOGOS ETHOS LOADED LANGUAGE: PATHOS KAIROS

ANALYSIS: “THE CRISIS #1” • “I CANNOT SEE ON WHAT GROUNDS THE KIN OF BRITAIN CAN LOOK UP TO HEAVEN FOR HELP AGAINST US; A COMMON MURDERER, A HIGHWAYMAN, OR A HOUSEBREAKER, HAS AS GOOD A PRETENSE AS HE. ” Patho s • “AS I WAS WITH THE TROOPS AT FORT LEE, AND MARCHED WITH THEM TO THE EDGE OF PENNSYLVANIA, I AM WELL ACQUAINTED WITH MANY CIRCUMSTANCES, WHICH THOSE WHO LIVE AT A DISTANCE KNOW BUT LITTLE OR NOTHING OF. ” Ethos • “BUT, BEFORE THE LINE OF IRRECOVERABLE SEPARATION BE DRAWN BETWEEN US, LET US REASON THE MATTER TOGETHER: YOUR CONDUCT IS AN INVITATION TO THE ENEMY, YET NOT ONE IN A THOUSAND OF YOU HAS HEART ENOUGH TO JOIN HIM. HOWE IS AS MUCH DECEIVED BY YOU AS THE AMERICAN CAUSE IS INJURED BY YOU. HE EXPECTS YOU WILL ALL TAKE UP ARMS, AND FLOCK TO HIS STANDARD, WITH MUSKETS ON YOUR SHOULDERS. YOUR OPINIONS ARE OF NO USE TO HIM, Logos UNLESS YOU SUPPORT HIM PERSONALLY, FOR 'TIS SOLDIERS, AND NOT TORIES, THAT HE WANTS. ” • “THE HEART THAT FEELSKairos NOT NOW IS DEAD; THE BLOOD OF HIS CHILDREN WILL CURSE HIS COWARDICE, WHO SHRINKS BACK AT A TIME WHEN A LITTLE MIGHT

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN— 1706 -1790 • WAS ONE OF 17 CHILDREN AND WAS BORN IN BOSTON • LEFT SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 10 AND BECAME AN APPRENTICE FOR HIS BROTHER WHO WAS A PRINTER • IN 1732, BEGAN PUBLISHING POOR RICHARD’S ALMANACK—CONTAINED INFORMATION, OBSERVATIONS, AND ADVICE • AT 46, BECAME A SCIENTIST—INVENTED THE LIGHTENING ROD, BIFOCALS, A TYPE OF STOVE, CONFIRMED THE LAWS OF ELECTRICITY, AND CONTRIBUTED TO THE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKES AND OCEAN CURRENTS • POLITICALLY, FRANKLIN PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DRAFTING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, NEGOTIATING A PEACE TREATY WITH BRITAIN, AND DRAFTING THE US CONSTITUTION • FIRST PART OF THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY WAS WRITTEN IN 1771 AT THE AGE OF 65—THIS

“THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY”—P. 131 -135 • READ THE EXCERPT FROM “THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY. ” • ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -4 UNDER CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION.

PHILLIS WHEATLEY

PHYLLIS WHEATLEY— 1753 -1784 • AN AFRICAN SLAVE KNOWN IN BOSTON FOR POETIC GIFTS • BROUGHT TO AMERICA AT THE AGE OF 8 AND SOLD TO BOSTON MERCHANT JOHN WHEATLEY • THE WHEATLEYS TAUGHT HER TO READ AND WRITE—SHE READ THE BIBLE, GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS, AND CONTEMPORARY POEMS • FIRST POEM PUBLISHED AT THE AGE OF 13 • HER POEMS ON VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SUBJECTS: RELIGIOUS AND MORAL WAS MOST LIKELY THE FIRST BOOK PUBLISHED BY AN AFRICAN • AFTER BEING FREED FROM THE WHEATLEYS, PHYLLIS ENDURED 2 CHILDREN DYING IN INFANCY AND A HUSBAND SENT TO JAIL, SHE DIED IN POVERTY AT THE AGE OF 30

WHAT IS TPCASTT? ? • A STRATEGY WITH WHICH TO UNLOCK AND ANALYZE POETRY T=TITLE P=PARAPHRASE C=CONNOTATION A=ATTITUDE S=SHIFT T=TITLE (REVISITED) T=THEME

TPCASTT • TITLE = TITLE OF THE POEM • PARAPHRASE = PUT EACH LINE OF THE POEM IN YOUR OWN WORDS • CONNOTATION = EXAMPLES OF LITERARY TECHNIQUES • ATTITUDE = SPEAKER’S TONE • SHIFT = A PLACE IN THE POEM WHERE THE POEM SOUNDS DIFFERENT • TITLE (REVISITED) = WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE POEM NOW THAT YOU HAVE READ IT • THEME = MESSAGE OF THE POEM—WHAT THE AUTHOR WANTS YOU TO KNOW

NOW. . . • COMPLETE A TPCASTT OF THE POEM “TO HIS EXCELLENCY, GENERAL WASHINGTON” ON THE TPCASTT PAPER GIVEN TO YOU. • ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -3 UNDER CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION AND 1 -3 UNDER CRITICAL THINKING

ABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS

ABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS— 1774 -1818 • WIFE OF JOHN ADAMS (2 ND PRESIDENT) , MOTHER OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (6 TH PRESIDENT) • WROTE LETTERS TO HER HUSBAND OTHERS ABOUT A VARIETY OF ISSUES—WOMEN’S RIGHTS, OPPOSITION TO SLAVERY, AND THE MOVEMENT OF BRITISH TROOPS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR • CONSIDERED TO BE A PIONEER OF THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

NOW. . . • READ “LETTER TO HER DAUGHTER FROM THE NEW WHITE HOUSE” ON PAGE 195 -196. • ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 & 2 UNDER CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING AND 1 -3 UNDER CRITICAL THINKING

THOMAS JEFFERSON

THOMAS JEFFERSON— 1743 -1826 • HELPED AMERICA WIN ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN • FOUNDED UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA • HELPED ESTABLISHED THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM • DESIGNED HIS HOME • INVENTED AN ELEVATOR SO THAT FOOD COULD BE SENT FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR • CREATED THE DECIMAL SYSTEM USED FOR AMERICAN MONEY • AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, JEFFERSON SERVED AS A MINISTER TO FRANCE, AMERICA’S FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE, AMERICA’S SECOND VICE PRESIDENT, AND AMERICA’S THIRD PRESIDENT, AND DOUBLED THE SIZE OF AMERICA THROUGH THE

“THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE”—P. 140 -143 • READ “THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. ” • ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -4 UNDER CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION AND 1 -4 UNDER CRITICAL THINKING.

THE ART OF RHETORIC