The Fluvial Geomorphic System Streams 85 sediment transport

The Fluvial Geomorphic System Streams 85% sediment transport, glaciers 7%, waves 1. 5%, wind 1% Lab Hose, sand in beaker Fluvial (Latin fluvius: river)

Conversion Potential energy (elevation) to Kinetic Energy (motion). Most energy lost to friction, but 2 -4% of total potential energy converted to work of erosion and transportation Drainage Divide Tributaries Gradient decreases downstream Factors that increase downstream: Velocity Discharge Channel size Trunk Stream Distributaries And Delta

Infiltration • Infiltration is controlled by –Intensity and duration of rainfall –Prior wetted condition of the soil –Soil texture –Slope of the land –Nature of the vegetative cover http: //plantandsoil. unl. edu/croptechnology 2005/soil_sci

Stream water feeds • Infiltration (rain and snowmelt soak into soil) – water moving in pore spaces • Throughflow water moving through voids in soil – In cracks, burrows, root casts, etc. • Runoff • Sheetflow = overland flow thin slow surface layer • transitions into rill erosion Sheetflow

Rill Erosion, Gully formation Rill: a trickle of water, a very small stream Gully: a small watercourse with steep sides, usually cut into soil Source: Ramesh Venkatakrishnan Rill Erosion. Individual Channels do not persist Gully. Larger channels, they persist, grow headward and widen.

Discharge • The amount of water passing through a channel cross-section in unit time • Q=v *A where v is the average flow velocity [meters / second] through a cross section A [meters 2] Thus Q has units meters 3/second

Photo by Natalie Romanoff Used with Permission Bedrock Channels Cut down by: • Solution Weathering - Limestone • Plucking (= quarrying) esp. jointed rocks – Fast moving water gets in cracks and pushes blocks free. Cycles of wetting and drying, or freezing and thawing, loosen blocks • Abrasion – the impact of rolling and bouncing detritus. Notice I skipped page 200 lower right beginning "Soil Erosion" and resumed page 203 right "Bedrock Channels"

Waterfalls • p 205 right "In stratified rocks of contrasting lithology … each resistant layer forms a waterfall in a bedrock channel, usually with a plunge pool" that scours the underlying beds. • p 206 left (paraphrased for clarity) As the waterfalls migrate headward, if the resistant layer dips headward, waterfalls will [become smaller]; if layers dip seaward, the waterfall may grow in height.

Local change in base level affects river profiles: nickpoints Resistant layer dips headward

Alluvial Channels • Channels usually lined with alluvium • Removed and carried further downstream during flood • Re-deposited during wane

Width, Depth, Current Velocity and Longitudinal Profile p 207 r para 1 "As mean discharge of a river increases downstream, channel width, channel depth, and mean current velocity all increase. " Drainage Divide Tributaries Gradient decreases downstream Factors that increase downstream: Velocity Discharge Channel size Trunk Stream Water flows with less friction in larger channels maintains velocity with less slope p 209 l Distributaries And Delta

Ultimate Base Level Control • At sea level, no further conversion of potential energy to stream work is possible. • Sea level lowered at least 100 m during peaks of glaciation. Headwaters were higher, stream water had more potential energy, faster streams cut deep canyons • All rivers now enter the sea via estuaries (drowned lower valleys) or deltas (sediment filling lower valleys).

Overbank deposition during flooding Flood over banks into wider area, lower velocity, sand drops. (Muddy water over floodplain)

We can recognize past floods Floods change the local conditions 6_6 Fine-grained sediment on floodplain Older sediment 1 Pre-flood Bounders on bottom, sands and muds suspended Flood water Erosion of uppermost fine-grained sediment 2 Flood stage Flood: One source of Graded Bedding 3 Post-flood Fining-upward flood deposit Bedding plane is an erosional surface skip 211 r, 212, 213

Important definitions Load, Competence • Streams transport sediment • Transported material is called load • Types of load – Dissolved load – ions in solution from weathering – Suspended load – fine particles* – Bed load Moves during high velocity events Sandy Portion – Saltation (bouncing) Cobbles – Traction (rolling) • Competence – Largest particles it can move Proportional to velocity squared KE = 1/2 m. V 2 *Our Buckingham Pi studies of grain in fluid

• Deposition of sediment by a stream • Caused by a decrease in velocity –Competence is reduced –Sediment begins to drop out http: //www. geo. cornell. edu/geology/classes/Geo 101/graphics/AKbraid_stream. gif

Page 215 Similitude • For model studies that teach us about the real world, Similitude (similarity) is needed • Dimensionless numbers such as the Reynolds Number Re = rv. R/m must be the same in model and real world • R is the channel cross sectional area divided by the length of the wetted perimeter skip 216, 217, 281 left

Dimensionless Numbers for Streams • Froude Number Fr = v (gd) 1/2 type of turbulence • Tranquil, or supercritical flow. Latter standing wave, resistance to flow • Supercritical mostly in narrow bedrock channels in flood • Reynolds Number Re = rv. R/m • Drag Coefficient CD = These are related to competence and erosion laminar or turbulent F grain suspension r V 2 D 2

Capacity • Maximum mass of sediment a stream can transport. • Measured by amount of suspended load. skip 219 220 left

Channel Shape, Habit, Solid Load • Q determines cross-sectional channel shape and • HABIT (shape from space) measured using thalweg • Straight: Suspended load channels (<3% bedload) • Meandering: single sinuous channel, carries mostly suspended load, with point bars, loops • Braided: bedload > 11% total, high channel width to depth, mid-channel bars Background: Figure 10 -15 from text, p. 221, after Schumm, 1981 Braided Stream

Erosion and deposition along a meandering stream Meanders get more extreme with time. Note the THALWEG (blue arrows)

Channel moves in direction of cutbank Pointbar advances as crossbed drapes Meandering Stream Oxbow Floodplain http: //hays. outcrop. org/gallery/rivers/arid_meander? full=1

Reminder: Point Bar Sequence Fines of Floodplain Crossbeds of Bar Gravel of bed Erosion

Braided Streams • Braided: high total load; bedload > 11% total, high channel width to depth; mid-channel bars Braided Stream

Graded Streams • Grade: natural tendency toward self regulation • Changing conditions cause adjustment – Sudden extra sediment narrows channel: so faster flow and much more erosion during flood, so blockage removed and previous channel shape reestablished. http: //www. tweed. nsw. gov. au/Educ ation/rm_4_bankerosion. htm Demo: narrow channel of lab hose