The First 4 Caliphs Caliph Leader of Islam

The First 4 Caliphs ¡ Caliph: Leader of Islam after the death of Muhammad

1 ST CALIPH - ABU BAKR : 632 -634 MUHAMMAD’S BEST FRIEND AND FATHER-IN-LAW ¡ WANTED TO KEEP UNITY IN ISLAM ¡ WANTED TO EXPAND ISLAM ¡ DIED OF NATURAL CAUSES ¡

2 ND CALIPH – UMAR 634 -644 WANTED TO EXPAND ISLAM BY USE OF JIHAD ¡ FORMED THE ARMY OF GOD ¡ HAD TO TAX MUSLIMS TO SUPPORT ARMY ¡ KILLED BY A PERSIAN CHRISTIAN BECAUSE OF TAXES ¡

3 RD CALIPH – UTHMAN 644 -656 WEALTHY MERCHANT ¡ MEMBER OF THE UMAYYAD CLAN ¡ BITTER ENEMIES WITH HASHIM TRIBE ¡ KILLED BY EGYPTIAN MUSLIMS BECAUSE OF TAXES ¡

4 TH CALIPH – ALI 656 -661 MUHAMMAD’S COUSIN AND SON IN LAW ¡ MEMBER OF THE HASHIM TRIBE ¡ MEMORIZED THE QURAN ¡ MARRIED TO FATIMA ¡ ASSASINATED BY MUSLIMS ¡

Karbala A visual representation of the Sunni Shiite split

Remember Muhammad’s family ¡ Muhammad & Hadija l Daughter Fatima married Ali (4 th Caliph) ¡ Had two sons l l Hussein (also spelt “Husayn”) Hassan

Ali Assassinated Leaving the two sons behind ¡ Shiites believed that the sons of Ali & Fatima should lead Islam ¡ One son tried to become Caliph ¡

Husayn Wanted to be the Caliph ¡ Considered by Shiite as a Caliph and Imam ¡ Headquarters in Baghdad ¡

Umayyad Sunnis ¡ In control of Islam ¡ Headquarters in Damascus, Syria ¡

Battle of Karbala Husayn ibn Ali ¡ Killed by Sunnis ¡ 680 ad (61 ah) ¡

Muqtada Al-Sadr (Shiite)

Osama Bin Laden (Sunni)

Bibliography ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ http: //i-cias. com/e. o/muharram. htm http: //www. bbc. co. uk/gloucestershire/untold_s. . . http: //www. ucalgary. ca/applied_history/tutor/. . . http: //i-cias. com/e. o/karbala_img. htm http: //www. jafariyanews. com/2 k 5_news/feb/18_k. . . http: //www. jafariyanews. com/2 k 5_news/feb/13_t. . . http: //www. jafariyanews. com/2 k 5_news/feb/17_h. . . http: //www. quepasa. com/english/news/war/Iraq. civil. war/428486. html http: //www. quepasa. com/english/news/war/Shrine. attack. Iraq/428091. html