The Federalist Era Section 1 Establishing the New

The Federalist Era

Section 1: Establishing the New Government • April 30, 1789 – Washington becomes Pres. • Electoral votes – top vote was Pres. and next largest Vice Pres. which was John Adams • Problems – no navy; small army; Indians attacking frontier; pirates harming trade; had war debt • Washington – started cabinet

Election of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1789 • Created office of attorney general • Supreme Court – 1 chief justice and 5 associate justices (today total of 9) • Set up lower federal courts which are the circuit and district • John Jay – 1 st chief justice

• National debt – money a govt. owes • Alexander Hamilton – aide to Washington; delegate to Continental Congress; secretary of treasury; wanted debt paid by fed. Govt. • Southerners led by Jefferson had already paid their debt; didn’t want to pay again • D. C. – became capital in exchange for south helping to pay war debt

National Bank • • Handled federal money Collected taxes Issued paper money Loans to help growth of businesses • Many opposed national bank

• Excise tax – taxes on goods made, sold, and used within country • Tariffs – taxes on certain manufactured goods imported into country • Whiskey Rebellion – farmers angry over tax on whiskey; put down by militia

Section 2: Dealing with Other Nations • Britain supported Indian attacks • Battle of Fallen Timbers – Wayne defeated 800 Indians; opened Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville (1795) – Indians surrendered most of land in OH

• Spain – controls MS River (gained from French and Indian War) • Barbary Coast (north Africa) – pirates from Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli seized American ships; USA had to pay tribute (protection money)

• Treaty of Alliance – 1778; America and France were to aid each other in war King Louis XVI Ben Franklin

• Neutral – take no sides; Washington wanted this for America • Hamilton sides with Washington; Jefferson supported war • Proclamation of Neutrality – America trades with France and Britain • Britain seized American ships and impressed sailors

Jay Treaty (1794) • Jay negotiates with Britain • Britain withdrew from NW Territory • American ships could trade in West Indies • Disputed boundaries between U. S. and Canada settled • U. S. would pay private debts • Britain didn’t agree to stop seizing ships • Treaty barely passed in Senate

Thomas Pinckney (1795) • American envoy to Spain • American ships allowed to use lower MS River and New Orleans • Southern boundary - 31 st parallel and MS River -western boundary

Washington • Set standard for future presidents and govt. • Retired to Mount Vernon • Cautioned to stay clear of permanent alliances with foreign countries • Against political parties • Warned of rivalry between North and South

Section 3 Political Parties Develop

Federalists • • Led by Hamilton Rep. wealthy Americans Supported strong national govt. Manufactured goods emphasized • Pro Britain • Loose construction (interpretation) of Constitution • Supported national bank and tariffs

Democratic-Republicans • Led by Jefferson and Madison • Called Republicans but not same as today • Wanted weaker fed. Govt. • Represented common people; mostly in South • Emphasized agriculture • Dim view of cities • Supported France • Strict construction of Constitution • Supported state banks and free trade

• Political party – similar ideas and beliefs • Hamilton – influenced many of Washington’s decisions; Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State because of views • Gazette of the United States – Federalists’ newspaper; praised Washington • National Gazette – Dem. -Rep. newspaper; criticized Washington’s administration

Election of 1796 • Federalists – John Adams- Pres. and Thomas Pinckney- VP • Democrat-Rep. – Jefferson for Pres. and Aaron Burr- VP • Caucus – private meeting held to choose candidates • Pres. – top vote getter; VP – second highest • Put rivals in office; Adams (federalist) as Pres. and Jefferson (Dem. -Rep. ) was VP • 12 th Amendment in 1804 changes this situation

Section 4: Troubled Times for John Adams • Adams – thought VP was insignificant job • Adams sends Marshall, Pickney, and Gerry to France to meet with 3 French agents (XYZ) • wanted $250, 000 and $ 10 million loan to be paid to Talleyrand, French foreign minister for peace • “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”; U. S. prepares for war

• Bonaparte – French leader; fighting with Britain; peace with France in 1800

• Aliens – foreigners living in USA • Naturalization Act – required 14 instead of 5 years to become US citizen • Alien Act – Pres. allowed to deport or imprison foreigners considered dangerous • Alien Enemies Act – US govt. could arrest and deport all aliens who were citizens of countries at war with USA

• Sedition Act – crime to speak or write critically about Pres, Congress, fed. govt. ; goal to silence criticism • KY and VA Resolutions of 1798 – Alien & Sedition Acts violated Constitution • States’ Rights Theory – each state could determine if fed. govt. went beyond power • Federalists viewed only Supreme Court could determine constitutionality; KY and VA disagreed

Election of 1800 • • • Jefferson & Burr versus Adams & Pinckney Jefferson and Burr got same number of votes Tie break went to House of Rep. Hamilton for Jefferson (disliked Burr) After voting 35 times, Jefferson wins

• “Midnight judges” – Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice Pierre Charles L’Enfant – architect of D. C. ; located on land given by MD and VA; Adams first to live in White House