The Federalist Era 1789 1800 Book Ends Washingtons

The Federalist Era 1789 -1800 • Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to • • • Jefferson’s Election Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution abroad, XYZ Affair Formation of Political Parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Essay hint • Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. • Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

I. Domestic Affairs

George Washington

The First Executive Branch George Washington President Edmund Randolph Attorney General Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox Secretary of War

1 st Congress • Adopted the Bill of • • Rights Judiciary Act 1789, set up federal court system, empowered to rule on constitutionality of state courts Passed Hamilton’s Financial program (Beard Thesis? )

What caused political parties to form in the early republic, 17891800?

Who was Alexander Hamilton? • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t 0 a. X 8 Jy 1 t. M • • E&safe=active “To confess my weakness, Ned, my ambition is so prevalent that I disdain the groveling conditions of a clerk to which my fortune condemns me. I would willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt my station. . Oh, how I wish there was a war. ” –Age 14 Born in Nevis, moved to St. Croix 10

Hamilton’s Financial Plan 1. Funding National debt at Par 2. (paying back all the money they said they would) to establish good credit Assumption of State Debts • Unfair to South, so a Compromise located and built the nation’s capital in the South, Washington DC 3. Tariffs (tax on imports to raise 4. 5. revenue to pay off war debt) Excise Tax on Whiskey National Bank to promote business

Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and should never be used in an essay!) • B ank • E xcise tax on whiskey • F unding the national debt • A ssuming the state debts • T ariff

Cabinet Battle #1 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. SYW 61 XQZeo

JEFFERSON HAMILTON ‘Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. ’ We fought for these ideals; we shouldn’t settle • for Thomas. That was a real nice declaration less Welcome to the present, we’re running a real nation These are wise words, enterprising men quote ‘em Would you like to join us, or stay mellow Don’t act surprised, you guys, cuz I wrote ‘em Doin’ whatever the hell it is you do in Monticello? But Hamilton forgets If we assume the debts, the union gets His plan would have the government assume A new line of credit, a financial diuretic state’s debts How do you not get it? If we’re aggressive an Now, place your bets as to who that benefits: competitive The very seat of government where Hamilton sits The union gets a boost. You’d rather give it a sedative? A civics lesson from a slaver. Hey neighbor Ooh, if the shoe fits, wear it Your debts are paid cuz you don’t pay for labor If New York’s in debt— “We plant seeds in the South. We create. ” Why should Virginia bear it? Uh! Our debts are Yeah, keep ranting paid, I’m afraid We know who’s really doing the planting Don’t tax the South cuz we got it made in the And another thing, Mr. Age of Enlightenment shade Don’t lecture me about the war, you didn’t fight in it In Virginia, we plant seeds in the ground You think I’m frightened of you, man? We create. You just wanna move our money We almost died in a trench around While you were off getting high with the French This financial plan is an outrageous demand Thomas Jefferson, always hesitant with the President And it’s too many damn pages for any man to Reticent—there isn’t a plan he doesn’t jettison understand Madison, you’re mad as a hatter, son, take your medicin Stand with me in the land of the free Damn, you’re in worse shape than the national debt is in And pray to God we never see Hamilton’s Sittin’ there useless as two shits candidacy Hey, turn around, bend over, I’ll show you Look, when Britain taxed our tea, we got frisky Where my shoe fits Imagine what gon’ happen when you try to tax our whisky

Battle for the National Bank: Provisions: • Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a stable national currency. Opposition: • Jefferson strongly opposed the bank on strict interpretation of the Const. • Hamilton argued loose construction – “elastic clause” (Implied Powers) – Provided for passing any laws "necessary & proper“ to carry out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies. ” • Bank issue sparked division

The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • SW Penn. backcountry • • • folks hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax. Torched buildings, tarred & feathered revenue officers, tax collections came to a halt Washington led army of 13, 000 to crush rebellion, no opposition Significance: Showed federal gov. could handle uprisings and Const. worked

• ". . . if the laws are to be so trampled upon with impunity, and a minority. . . is to dictate to the majority, there is an end put at one stroke to republican government. . . for some other man or society may dislike another law and oppose it with equal propriety until all laws are prostrate, and everyone will carve for himself. " • - George Washington's observation about the Whiskey Rebellion

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Birth of the Party System • Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence of political parties. (Federalists & Anti -Federalist were not formal parties, but factions) • By 1792 -1793, two well-defined groups had crystallized: i. Hamiltonian Federalists ii. Jeffersonian Republicans

Federalists • Believed in gov. by the upper class • Distrusted the common people, “Mobocracy” • Supported a strong central government • Encouraged business and manufacturing • Pro-British in foreign policy

• In response to charges that he was an elitist promoting a tyrannical aristocracy, Hamilton said, “And whom would you have representing us in government? Not the rich, not the wise, not the learned? Would you go to some ditch by the highway and pick up the thieves, the poor, and the lame to lead our government? Yes, we need an aristocracy to be running our government, an aristocracy of intelligence, integrity, and experience. ”

Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans) • Advocated the rule for the common person • Biggest appeal was to the middle and lower class: yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. • Economy: Promoted an agrarian economy • Pro French in foreign policy

Hamilton and Jefferson Disagree (What a surprise !!! More disagreement)

II. Foreign Affairs

Foreign Policy • French Revolution # 1 issue from 17921815, eventually became a world war (Reign of Terror => Napoleon) • Washington's Neutrality Proclamation (1793) – Proclaimed U. S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France, set foreign policy precedent for next 125 years

Cabinet Battle #2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_j. WV KYjy 7 E 8

[Washington: ] The issue on the table: France is • on[Hamilton: ] You must be out of your Goddamn mind if the verge of war with England And do we provide aid and our troops to our French allies or do we stay out of it? Remember, my decision on this matter is not subject to congressional approval The only person you have to convince is me Secretary Jefferson, you have the floor, sir Jefferson When we were on death's door, when we were needy We made a promise, we signed a treaty We needed money and guns and half a chance Who provided those funds? In return, they didn't ask for land Only a promise that we'd lend a hand And stand with them if they fought against oppressors And revolution is messy but now is the time to stand Stand with our brothers as they fight against tyranny I know that Alexander Hamilton is here and he Would rather not have this debate I'll remind you that he is not Secretary of State He knows nothing of loyalty Smells like new money, dresses like fake royalty Desperate to rise above his station Everything he does betrays the ideals of our nation you think The President is gonna bring the nation to the brink Of meddling in the middle of a military mess A game of chess, where France is Queen and Kingless We signed a treaty with a King whose head is now in a basket Would you like to take it out and ask it? "Should we honor our treaty, King Louis' head? " "Uh… do whatever you want, I'm super dead. " [Washington: ] Enough! Enough. Hamilton is right [Washington: ] We're too fragile to start another fight [Jefferson: ] But sir, do we not fight for freedom? [Washington: ] Sure, when the French figure out who's gonna lead 'em [Jefferson: ] The people are leading [Washington: ] The people are rioting There's a difference. Frankly, it's a little disquieting you would let your ideals blind you to reality [Jefferson: ] Have you an ounce of regret? You accumulate debt, you accumulate power Yet in their hour of need, you forget [Hamilton: ] Lafayette's a smart man, he'll be fine And before he was your friend, he was mine If we try to fight in every revolution in the world, we never stop Where do we draw the line?

Citizen Genet, 1793 • French envoy/ profiteer • undertook to entice U. S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause; he recruited Americans Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced. Broke his word by authorizing the arming and dispatching of the prize ship Little Sarah, refitted as La Petite Démocrate

Jay’s Treaty (1794) • Averted war with Britain • 1. British renewed their pledge to • • • remove their posts from U. S. soil (as in 1783) 2. British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships and US pay pre-Revolution debts to British Merchants 3. British refused stop impressments Significance: Most important immediate cause formation of the Democratic. Senate ratified the treaty 20 Republican party. – 10, 2/3 exactly

Jay’s Treaty “Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t put lights in his window and sit up all night damning John Jay!

Pinckney Treaty of 1795 • Granted free navigation of the Mississippi River to the U. S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans from Spain

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 • Stay away from political parties and foreign entanglements

Electoral Votes-1796

John Adams (Federalist), 1796 -1800 • "Quasi-War" with • • France French started to seize American ships as a reaction to Jay’s Treaty Full-blown war seemed imminent; Adams kept U. S. out by the Convention of 1800, greatest accomplishment, yet hurt him politically

XYZ Affair, 1797 • Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss the • • conflict U. S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents, "X, Y, & Z" French demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250, 000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. Negotiations broke down War hysteria swept the U. S. – “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 • Purpose: Federalists passed a series of • • • oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war opposition Alien Acts- Raised residence requirements for U. S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs. Sedition Act-Anyone who impeded the policies of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1 st Amend? ) (Political, expired on March 4, 1801)

• Career was an example of emerging • • • partisanship Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger Griswold After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, Griswold attacked Lyon with a cane Lyon later wrote an article criticizing President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice. ‘ Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a window that would not close and constantly was taunted, but won his re-election campaign for the House Only man ever to win a Congressional election while in jail. Matthew Lyon

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 • Jefferson and Madison were the secret authors • Republicans believed States had right to nullify • • • unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional Nullification: States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress Compact theory – states made the Union and can leave when wants, final authority Significance: Later used by Southerners to support secession

Let’s practice • http: //www. raleighcharterhs. org/faculty/b newmark/APUSH%20 quizzes/Whichpolitica lparty. htm

• Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.

Intro • Background info on political parities – Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political parties arising – Factions: Federalists & Anti-Federalists • Thesis statement – The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and Republican political parities in American politics in the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between Britain and France, while disagreements over Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated domestic tensions.

Foreign Affairs • British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican) • Washington (Fed) – Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet – Jay’s Treaty- British • Adams (Fed) – XYZ Affair – Quasi Naval War with France

Domestic Affairs • Washington (Fed) – Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) – Bank #1, loose vs. strict constructionist – Whiskey Rebellion • Adams (Fed) – Alien & Sedition Acts – Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Conclusion • Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay away from Political Parities and Foreign Alliances • Revolution of 1800 - Jefferson • Hartford kills off Federalists • Era of Good Feelings, 1815 -1824, one party rule

• To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to TWO of the following areas: –Economics –Foreign Policy –Judiciary –Politics

Economics- Moderate • Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat) • Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army budgets • Revoked excise taxes, • Agrarian economy, buys LP land for them • Embargo Act, 1807 - Rise of manufacturing • Long Run: Clay’s American System – Bank – Internal Improvements – Tariff, protectionist

Foreign Policy- Yes, big change • Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Treaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War • After 1800, more anti-British • Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Bill # 2 • War 1812 – Impressment – Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non. Intercourse Act – Invaded Canada

Judiciary- No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in charge • Adams, midnight judges, stuffed the court • Jefferson attacked the courts, Samuel Chase • Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong central • • gov. and business TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res. Marshall Cases: – Marbury v. Madison, judicial review – Mc. Culloch v. Maryland- implied powers – Gibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerce – Fletcher v. Peck- right of contract – Dartmouth v. Woodward- right of contract

Politics- Yes • Peaceful transfer of power from Federalist • Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, never have a President again • TJ-Madison-Monroe • Controlled Congress too • Era of Good Feelings- One party rule

Essay hint • Although the power of the national • • • government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798 -1799) Hartford Convention (1814 -1815)

• How effective was the Constitution at solving • • the problems of the Articles of Confederation at governing a new nation? Please limit your answer from 1781 to 1800. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s. Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson

Essay hint • Although the power of the national • • • government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798 -1799) Hartford Convention (1814 -1815)

• Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused the Americans to rebel in 1776. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.