THE EXODUS AND CONQUEST OF JERICHO If there

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THE EXODUS AND CONQUEST OF JERICHO

THE EXODUS AND CONQUEST OF JERICHO

If there truly was an Exodus, then where is the Evidence? If there was

If there truly was an Exodus, then where is the Evidence? If there was an Exodus, then there should be some evidence that the Israelites lived in Egypt, exited Egypt from Goshen (where Joseph and his family lived) , and entered Canaan as the Bible states.

Skeptics doubt the Exodus occurred as the Bible states if it happened at all.

Skeptics doubt the Exodus occurred as the Bible states if it happened at all. Questions are: 1. Is there evidence an Exodus occurred? What is it? 2. What about Mt. Sinai? Does the Bible tell us where it is? 3. What about the conquest of Jericho? Is there evidence of it and when did it take place?

One question skeptics ask is regarding the “fourth generation” as promised to Abraham since

One question skeptics ask is regarding the “fourth generation” as promised to Abraham since from Abraham to Moses would be five to six generations. The LXX reads as follows: GENESIS 15: 13 And it was said to Abram, Thou shalt surely know that thy seed shall be a sojourner in a land not their own, and they shall enslave them, and afflict them, and humble them four hundred years. 14 And the nation whomsoever they shall serve I will judge; and after this, they shall come forth hither with much property. 15 But thou shalt depart to thy fathers in peace, nourished in a good old age. 16 And in the fourth generation they shall return hither, for the sins of the Amorites are not yet filled up, even until now.

The “fourth generation” is not speaking of the fourth from Abraham but the fourth

The “fourth generation” is not speaking of the fourth from Abraham but the fourth generation from “the sojourning into the land. ” This would include the 12 sons of Jacob. Levi was one of those “descendents” in the “sojourning. ” The four generations are stated in Exodus 6: 16 -20, where, starting with Levi (from the time when the twelve sons went into Egypt), we note that Kohath, Amram and Moses bring us to the fourth generation. (Levi, Kohath, Amram, Moses = 4 generations. ) We also read that Joseph lived unto the “third generation” while he was in Egypt.

The Burning Bush ? ? Dictamnus albus (fraxinella) Common Name: Gas Plant, Dittany This

The Burning Bush ? ? Dictamnus albus (fraxinella) Common Name: Gas Plant, Dittany This plant has a strong citrus (lemon) smell to it and its oil can combust in the heat of the sun or near a flame while at the same time, not harming the plant. It is located all over the region of the middle east. ---Description---The members of this small genus are plants about 2 feet high, bearing flowers in a long, pyramidal, loose spike, varying in colour from pale purple to white. It prefers to grow in woods in warm places. The whole plant, especially when rubbed, gives out an odour like lemon-peel, and when bruised this grows more like that of a fine balsam, strongest in the pedicels of the flowers. It is due to an essential oil, which gives off a vapour in heat or in dry, cloudy weather, which also congeals as resinous wax, exuding from rusty-red glands in the flowers. This accounts for the fact that the atmosphere surrounding it will often take fire if approached by a lighted candle, without injuring the plant. http: //www. botanical. com/botanical/mgmh/b/burbus 91. html also see http: //www. gardenmakers. com/dictamnus_albus_fraxinella. htm

Skeptics also doubted that Moses (if he existed) could not have written the laws

Skeptics also doubted that Moses (if he existed) could not have written the laws because it would have been centuries before codified writings of laws would enter into history. Ur Nammu Sumer 2100 century B. C. Oldest Law to date Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 BCE

Exodus 1: 11 And he set over them task-masters, who should afflict them in

Exodus 1: 11 And he set over them task-masters, who should afflict them in their works; and they built strong cities for Pharao, both Pithom, and Ramesses, and On, which is Heliopolis. 12 But as they humbled them, by so much they multiplied, and grew exceedingly strong; and the Egyptians greatly abhorred the children of Israel. 13 And the Egyptians tyrannised over the children of Israel by force. 14 And they embittered their life by hard labours, in the clay and in brickmaking, and all the works in the plains, according to all the works, wherein they caused them to serve with violence.

Now, it is a very curious and interesting fact that the Pithom bricks are

Now, it is a very curious and interesting fact that the Pithom bricks are of three qualities. In the lower courses of these massive cellar walls they are mixed with chopped straw; higher up, when the straw may be supposed to have run short, the clay is found to be mixed with reeds–the same kind of reeds which grow to this day in the bed of the old Pharaonic canal, and which are translated as "stubble" in the Bible. Finally, when the last reeds were used up, the bricks of the uppermost courses consist of mere Nile mud, with no binding substance whatever.

ANCIENT PITHOM

ANCIENT PITHOM

MODERN PITHOM

MODERN PITHOM

Until recently, skeptics believed that the Egyptians never used straw to build homes and

Until recently, skeptics believed that the Egyptians never used straw to build homes and monuments, at least not until close to the Persian empire. Once again, archeology has refuted this statement…. .

MUD BRICK STAMPED WITH THE CARTOUCHE OF RAMSES II Egypt: Thebes, Ramesseum Dynasty 19,

MUD BRICK STAMPED WITH THE CARTOUCHE OF RAMSES II Egypt: Thebes, Ramesseum Dynasty 19, ca. 1279 -1212 B. C. Sun-dried mud and straw 25. 0 cm H, 17. 0 cm WGift of the Egyptian Research Account, 1896 OIM 1347 http: //oi. uchicago. edu/OI/MUS/HIGH/OIM_1347_72 dpi. html

A well-known painting in the tomb of Rekhmire (15 th century B. C. E.

A well-known painting in the tomb of Rekhmire (15 th century B. C. E. ) shows slaves making mudbricks. The Bible indicates that a brick-making quota was imposed on the Israelites. At one point, they were required to find their own straw, but the quota remained the same ( Exodus 5: 6– 18). There is evidence from Egypt that such quotas did exist; the Louvre Leather Roll (1274 B. C. E. ) reports the shortfalls of the assigned quotas, 13 just as the Bible reports that the Israelite foremen were beaten because their charges failed to meet the quotas ( Exodus 5: 14). This same Egyptian text indicates that workers were granted time off for their religious holidays. Similarly, a text discovered in the workmen's village of Deir el-Medineh states that workers had gone "to offer to their god. " 14 This of course is reminiscent of the Israelites' request to take off three days to go into the wilderness to worship their God ( Exodus 3: 18, 5: 3). ( bib-arch. org )

Erich Lessing Brick-making in Pharaoh's Egypt. "The Egyptians became ruthless in imposing tasks on

Erich Lessing Brick-making in Pharaoh's Egypt. "The Egyptians became ruthless in imposing tasks on the Israelites, " the Book of Exodus 1: 13– 14 recounts, "and made their lives bitter with hard service in mortar and brick. " The Hebrews' labors for Pharaoh were no doubt similar to these realistic scenes painted on the walls of the tomb of Rekhmire, the Egyptian vizier (or prime minister) in the mid-15 th century B. C. E. Two workmen with hoes (bottom left) knead clay moistened with water; a third, kneeling figure (lower right) tightens his hoe. Other workers pass buckets of wet clay to two brick makers (upper right), who use molds to form the bricks. At top left, a worker constructs a wall with the newly manufactured bricks. The accompanying inscription declares that the workers are "making bricks to build anew the workshops in Karnak. " ( bib-arch. org )

The bricks, too, described a part of the oppression, reflecting close knowledge of conditions

The bricks, too, described a part of the oppression, reflecting close knowledge of conditions in Egypt. A 15 th-century tomb painting depicts Canaanite and Nubian captives making bricks at Thebes. One text even complains about a lack of straw for brickmaking—a situation encountered by Israel in Egypt. In Canaan, by contrast, straw was not typically an ingredient of mudbrick. Almost every detail in the tradition mirrors conditions around the time of the Exodus, especially, the idea of a sudden rise in forced labor around the time of Ramesses II and is entirely consistant with historical reality.

Skeptics also doubted that the Israelites actually lived and exited out of Egypt. Ancient

Skeptics also doubted that the Israelites actually lived and exited out of Egypt. Ancient Tablets dated close to the time of the Exodus list names of numerous slaves. Many of them listed both the Egyptian names alongside the Hebrew names. One of the names is Shiphrah which is a name that is used in Exodus 1 for one of the midwives.

Brooklyn Papyri Evidence is not lacking to indicate that these Asiatics became slaves. "A

Brooklyn Papyri Evidence is not lacking to indicate that these Asiatics became slaves. "A famous papyrus (the Brooklyn Papyrus) was left to the Brooklyn Museum. . . On the verso of this papyrus, a woman named Senebtisi attempts to establish her legal rights to the possession of Ninety-five servants. A list of them is included which states their titles, names and surnamed, and their occupations. Of the seventy-seven entries which are presented well enough to enable the individuals nationality to be read, twenty-nine appear to be Egyptian while forty-eight are 'Asiatics'. . . Although the foreign names were not precise enough to enable the exact homeland of these Asiatics to be identified, it can be said that they were from a 'Semitic group of the north west'. . . The Brooklyn Papyrus is important here because it shows that one household employed a large proportion of Asiatics and this household was situated in Upper Egypt (The south) and not in the Delta; therefore it is apparent that Asiatic servants were by now disseminated throughout the community. " pages 189 - 190. "Asian slaves, whether merchandise or prisoners of war, became plentiful in wealthy Egyptian households. " (during the twelfth dynasty). Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 1964, volume 8, page 35.

According to the Book of Exodus, not only did the Egyptians enslave the Israelites,

According to the Book of Exodus, not only did the Egyptians enslave the Israelites, to keep them in check, but Pharaoh even gave orders for all their male babies to be slain at birth, to stem the numbers (1: 15 -16). In the light of this grim episode, an intriguing aspect of Sir Flinders Petrie's discoveries was the unusual number of infant burials beneath the floors of the houses of Illahûn. Rosalie David thus describes Petrie's find :

David Rohl , moreover, also has noted multiple graves in the Delta region, at

David Rohl , moreover, also has noted multiple graves in the Delta region, at Tell el-Daba during the same approximate period, had an excessively large proportion of babies: . . . it was discovered that there was a higher percentage of infant burials. . . than is normally found at archaeological sites of the ancient world. Sixty-five per cent of all the burials were those of children under the age of eighteen months. Based on modern statistical evidence obtained from premodern societies we would expect the infant mortality rate to be around twenty to thirty per cent. Could this be explained by the slaughter of the Israelite infant males by the Egyptians?

Larger wooden boxes, probably used to store clothing and other possessions, were discovered underneath

Larger wooden boxes, probably used to store clothing and other possessions, were discovered underneath the floors of many houses at Kahun. They contained babies, sometimes buried two to three to a box, and aged only a few months at death. . Internment of bodies at domestic sites was not an Egyptian custom, although such practices occurred in other areas of the ancient Near East.

IPEWER PAPYRUS

IPEWER PAPYRUS

IPEWER PAPYRI • The Plague of Blood In Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 5 -6, it

IPEWER PAPYRI • The Plague of Blood In Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 5 -6, it says: Plague is throughout the land. Blood is everywhere. Compare this with the Book of Exodus 7: 21: There was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.

IPEWER PAPYRI • In Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 10, it says: The River is Blood.

IPEWER PAPYRI • In Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 10, it says: The River is Blood. Compare with Exodus 7: 20: All the waters that were in the river were turned to blood. In Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 10, it says: Men shrank from tasting. . . and thirst for water. Compare with Exodus 7: 24: And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.

 • The Plague of Hail Ipuwer papyrus 9: 23: The fire ran along

• The Plague of Hail Ipuwer papyrus 9: 23: The fire ran along the ground. There was hail, and fire mingled with the hail. • Exodus 9: 23 And Moses stretched forth his hand to heaven, and the Lord sent thunderings and hail; and the fire ran along upon the ground, and the Lord rained hail on all the land of Egypt. 24 So there was hail and flaming fire mingled with hail; and the hail was very great, such as was not in Egypt, from the time there was a nation upon it.

 • The Plague of Darkness Ipuwer Papyrus 9: 11: The land is not

• The Plague of Darkness Ipuwer Papyrus 9: 11: The land is not light. • Exodus 10: 22: And there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt.

 • The Plague of Egyptian Cattle Ipuwer papyrus 5: 5: All animals, their

• The Plague of Egyptian Cattle Ipuwer papyrus 5: 5: All animals, their hearts weep. Cattle moan. Exodus 9: 3: Behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be grievous murrain (disease).

 • The Plague of the Firstborn of Egypt Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 13: He

• The Plague of the Firstborn of Egypt Ipuwer Papyrus 2: 13: He who places his brother in the ground is everywhere. Exodus 12: 27: He (the angel of the Lord) smote the Egyptians. • Ipuwer Papyrus 4: 3: Forsooth, the children of princes are dashed against the walls. Exodus 12: 29: At midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt. Ipuwer Papyrus 6: 12: Forsooth, the children of the princes are cast out in the streets, Exodus 12: 30: There was not a house where there was not one dead.

 • Response of the Egyptians to the Loss of their First born Ipuwer

• Response of the Egyptians to the Loss of their First born Ipuwer Papyrus 3: 14: It is groaning that is throughout the land, mingled with lamentations. • Exodus 12: 30: There was a great cry in Egypt.

 • Diodorus Siculus, Greek Historian from Sicily living from 80 BC to approximately

• Diodorus Siculus, Greek Historian from Sicily living from 80 BC to approximately 15 BC (20 years before Christ's birth in AD 5 or 6) Diodorus Siculus wrote, "In ancient times there happened a great plague in Egypt, and many ascribed the cause of it to God, who was offended with them because there were many strangers in the land, by whom foreign rites and ceremonies were employed in their worship of the deity. The Egyptians concluded; therefore, that unless all strangers were driven out of the country, they should never be freed from their miseries. “…………

 • Upon this, some writers tell us, the most eminent and enterprising of

• Upon this, some writers tell us, the most eminent and enterprising of those foreigners who were in Egypt, and obliged to leave the country. . . who retired into the province now called Judea, which was not far from Egypt, and in those times uninhabited. These emigrants were led by Moses, who was superior to all in wisdom and prowess. He gave them laws, and ordained that they should have no images of the gods, because there was only one deity, the heaven, which surrounds all things, and is Lord of the whole. " (Diodorus Siculul, Library of History, lib. 1. , ap Phot. )

Biblical criticism comes from the late archaeologist Gosta Ahlstrom. He declares: "It is quite

Biblical criticism comes from the late archaeologist Gosta Ahlstrom. He declares: "It is quite clear that the biblical writers knew nothing about events in Palestine before the 10 th century BCE, and they certainly didn't know anything of the geography of Palestine in the Late Bronze age, " the time of the desert wandering and subsequent conquest of the land of Canaan.

Ahlstrom's proof? He cites the biblical listing of cities along the alleged route that

Ahlstrom's proof? He cites the biblical listing of cities along the alleged route that the Israelites traveled immediately before reaching the Jordan River -- Iyyim, Divon, Almon-divlatayim, Nevo, and Avel Shittim (Numbers 33: 45 -50), and reports that most of these locations have not been located, and those that were excavated did not exist at the time the Bible reports.

http: //aish. com/society. Work/sciencenature/ Archaeology_and_the_Bible_-_Part_2. asp In the meantime, writings from the walls of

http: //aish. com/society. Work/sciencenature/ Archaeology_and_the_Bible_-_Part_2. asp In the meantime, writings from the walls of Egyptian Temples say differently. It is well known that Egypt had much reason to travel to Canaan in those days; trade, exploitation, military conquest. These routes are recorded in three different Egyptian Temples -- listed in the same order as provided in the Bible, and dated to the exact period of the Israelite conquest of Canaan.