The Executive Branch American Government QUALIFICATIONS PRESIDENTIAL ROLES
The Executive Branch American Government
QUALIFICATIONS PRESIDENTIAL ROLES PRESIDENTIAL POWERS Created by Article II of the Constitution EXECUTIVE OFFICES VICE PRESIDENTS DUTIES PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION
PRESIDENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS. AGE 35 CITIZENSHIP NATURAL BORN U. S. CITIZEN RESIDENCY HAVE LIVED IN THE U. S. AT LEAST 14 YEARS
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT MILITARY POWERS EXECUTIVE POWERS LEGISLATIVE POWERS DIPLOMATIC POWERS JUDICIAL POWERS
EXECUTIVE POWERS ARE THOSE POWERS THE PRESIDENT HAS AND USES TO MAKE SURE THAT FEDERAL LAW IS CARRIED OUT. THEY INCLUDE: EXECUTING THE LAW ORDINANCE POWER (EXECUTIVE ORDERS) APPOINTING POWER REMOVAL POWER
EXECUTING THE LAW THE PRESIDENT HAS THE JOB, RESPONSIBILITY AND DUTY TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL LAWS ARE ENFORCED AND ADMINISTERED, AS PER THE CONSTITUTION: ARTICLE II, SECTION 1, CLAUSE 8 (THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH) ARTCLE II, SECTION 3, CALLED THE “TAKE CARE” POWER
The ORDINANCE POWER * The President has the power to issue executive orders. *An EXECUTIVE ORDER is a directive, rule, or regulation that has the effect of law. While the order is not an actual law, it is treated like one. *This power is given to the President from two sources: the Constitution and Congress.
THE APPOINTING POWER • The President has the power to appoint nearly three million federal civilian employees. • Once the President receives the consent of the Senate, he appoints most of the top-ranking officials in the Federal Government. SENATORIAL COURTESY – Presidential Appointments Need Appointees Home Senators Approval • Some examples are: federal judges, cabinet members, heads of independent agencies, and officers of the military.
THE REMOVAL POWER *The President can remove anyone from office who he has appointed. *The only restriction on this power is that the President cannot remove Supreme Court Justices from the bench. *Three major reasons for removal are: inefficiency in office, neglect of duty, or inappropriate behavior.
DIPLOMATIC POWERS THE PRESIDENTS DIPLOMATIC POWERS ARE AMONG HIS MOST POWERFUL. THEY INCLUDE: POWER TO MAKE TREATIES POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS POWER OF RECOGNITION
POWER TO MAKE TREATIES Treaty: formal agreement between two or more sovereign states • The President usually negotiates treaties through the Secretary of State. • The Senate must give approval for these international agreements with a 2/3 vote.
POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS Executive Agreements • Like treaties in that they are agreements between the President and foreign leaders or their subordinates. • They are different in that they do not require the approval of the Senate. • They usually stem out of previous legislation, or a previous treaty.
THE POWER OF RECOGNITION *The President, representing the United States, acknowledges the legal existence of that country and its government. *This recognition can make or break the survival of a new country. *This recognition is not permanent. It can change with revolutions or changes in government.
MILITARY POWERS During wartime, the President can make critical decisions that he feels is necessary for wartime AS COMMANDER AND CHIEF. The President also has the power to send troops into combat, without approval by Congress. This is referred to as undeclared war. *The President can use troops for domestic peace within the United States.
LEGISLATIVE POWERS *The President possesses the power to submit OR RECOMMEND ideas to Congress. *The President gives a “State of the Union” address each year, where he presents ideas for new legislation to Congress. THE POWER OF VETO *THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO CALL SPECIAL SESSIONS OF CONGRESS IF A PRESSING MATTER OCCOURS.
THE POWER OF VETO *When a bill is presented to the President, he can do one of four things: 1. Sign it and pass the law, 2. Veto the law, 3. While Congress is in session, he can not touch the bill and it will pass in 10 days 4. Pocket veto, or while Congress is not in session, he can not touch the bill and it will not pass.
JUDICIAL POWERS ACCORDING TO ARTICLE II, SECTION 2, CLAUSE 1 THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO ISSUE: PARDON – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS LEGAL FORGIVENESS FOR A CRIME AMNESTY – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A PARDON FOR A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE REPRIEVE – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS POSTPONING A SENTENCE COMMUTATION- ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A REDUCTION OF A SENTENCE
ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT CHIEF EXECUTIVE CHIEF DIPLOMAT CHIEF COMMANDER AGENDA SETTER IN CHIEF OF PARTY CHIEF OF STATE
CHIEF EXECUTIVE • Supervise the executive branch of government • prepare the executive budget • appoint and remove executive officials.
CHIEF DIPLOMAT Develop American foreign policy and serve as the nation’s chief spokesperson to the rest of the world.
CHIEF OF STATE Ceremonial head of the United States government. He symbolizes all of the American people.
CHIEF AGENDA SETTER • Scheduling the agenda for the State of the Union address • determining policy initiatives of the government • setting the budget • deciding on priorities for legislation to be supported by the executive branch.
COMMANDER IN CHIEF Direct and immediate control over all of the troops and nation’s military arsenal
CHIEF OF PARTY The acknowledged leader of the political party that controls the executive branch.
EXECUTIVE OFFICES “The President’s right arm”as it is referred to is the several offices that are staffed by the President’s closest advisors, and are designed to help the President make, and enforce policy. They include: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS CABINET OTHERS
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies. In addition, OMB oversees and coordinates the Administration's financial management, information, and regulatory policies.
OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY The principal purpose of ONDCP is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences. To achieve these goals, the Director of ONDCP is charged with producing the National Drug Control Strategy. The Strategy directs the Nation's anti-drug efforts and establishes a program, a budget, and guidelines for cooperation among Federal, State, and local entities.
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS The CEA was established by the Employment Act of 1946 to provide the President with objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues.
CABINET The tradition of the Cabinet dates back to the beginnings of the Presidency itself. One of the principal purposes of the Cabinet (drawn from Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution) is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of their respective offices. The Cabinet includes the Vice President and, by law, the heads of 15 executive departments-the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General.
OTHER OFFICES The other offices of the Executive Branch are as varied as they are in numbers. Some of the other areas include: Office of Policy Development - Advises President on domestic concerns National Space Council-Advises President on civil and military efforts in space Council on Environmental Quality- Aids the President on environmental policy matters. Office of U. S. Trade Representatives – Advises the President on matters of foreign trade. Office of Science and Technology- Advises on all scientific, engineering, and technology advances.
VICE PRESIDENTIAL DUTIES BY CONSTITUTION THE VICE PRESIDENT HAS ONLY TWO FORMAL DUTIES: 1. PRESIDE OVER THE SENATE 2. HELP DECIDE THE QUESTION OF PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY 3. PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY IS WHEN THE PRESIDENT IS UNABLE TO CARRY OUT HIS DUTIES THE ONLY OTHER ASSUMED PURPOSE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT IS TO BE A PRESIDENT IN WAITING.
SSCG 11: Explain the functions of the departments and agencies of the federal bureaucracy. • Bureaucracy - A large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization. • U. S. federal government is the largest organization in the country. • Cabinet Departments • Executive Agencies • Independent Regulatory Agencies • Government Corporations
Independent Regulatory Agencies • Federal organizations that are independent from the three branches of government; • They operate independently, not under the direct control of the president. • Created to regulate certain aspects of the nation’s economy and exercise authority over certain aspects of activity to protect consumers. Examples include: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These agencies act as ‘watchdogs’.
Government Corporations • Created by Congress and set up to perform business of the federal government • Operates much like a regular corporation. They charge fees and compete with private businesses. • Examples include: U. S. Postal Service, Amtrak • Run by a board of directors and have a general manager who directs the day-to-day operations. • Congress decides the purpose and functions of each.
Executive Agencies • Organized much like the Cabinet departments but are not part of the President’s Cabinet. • They are given extremely important public tasks to perform, such as NASA. • They range in size; some of the smaller executive agencies include: The Civil Rights Commission and The National Transportation and Safety Board.
SSCG 11 b: Explain the functions of the President’s cabinet. • The cabinet is an informal advisory committee comprised of the heads of the 15 cabinet departments, the Vice President of the United States, the White House Chief of Staff, and few others chosen by the President. • Members of the cabinet serve as advisors and experts. • The President appoints the heads of the 15 cabinet departments, and the Senate must approve the presidential nominations. • Several factors that influence the President’s choices for department heads: party, loyal supporters, and professional qualifications
SSCG 11 b: Explain the functions of the President’s cabinet. • Several factors that influence the President’s choices for department heads: party, loyal supporters, and professional qualifications • Cabinet members have two main duties: 1) function as the administrative head of one of the executive cabinet departments 2) serve as the primary advisors to the President. • President’s cabinet: https: //www. whitehouse. gov/administration/cabinet
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Foreign policy • a state’s international goals and its strategies to achieve those goals. Diplomacy • the act of dealing with other nations through negotiation and discussion. • Involves meetings between leaders, sending diplomatic messages, and making public statements about the relationship between countries. • Example: the American President often hosts leaders and chief diplomats of other nations at the White House to discuss a variety of issues. Most diplomacy occurs behind the scenes.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Diplomacy (continued) • The Secretary of State primarily carries out U. S. diplomacy • Sec. of State is nominated by President & confirmed by Senate. • The Dept of State is one of the oldest cabinet departments (1789) • The Secretary of State and staff travel around the world to build alliances with other nations, promote democracy and human rights, and mediate conflicts. • The Department of State manages the U. S. embassies located throughout the world. • Ambassadors nominated by President & confirmed by Senate.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Economic Aid • consists of giving or loaning money to other countries. • The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan) is an example of an economic aid plan • After WWII much of Europe's infrastructure was damaged, the agricultural production in Western Europe was devastated and Europe was on the brink of famine. • From 1948 until 1952, the United States gave $13 billion in direct financial aid to Western Europe to assist in the rebuilding of the economy and infrastructure
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Military Aid • includes sending American troops to other countries, providing military training to other countries, or even supplying weapons or equipment. • Military aid can be controversial, but Its’ stated aim is to help allies or poor, underdeveloped countries fight terrorism, counterinsurgencies, or drug wars. • Military aid has increased dramatically in the past decade due to the ongoing War on Terror with Iraq and Afghanistan. • The United States currently provides the majority of military aid to: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Israel.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Military Aid (continued) • 3 main programs for military funding in the United States: 1) Foreign Military Financing – provides grants that enables U. S. allies to attain U. S. military equipment, services, and training, 2) Peacekeeping Operations – this provides voluntary support for international peacekeeping situations and usually falls within the interests of the United Nations, and 3) International Military Education and Training Program – offers military training to foreign, usually U. S. allies, military officers.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Humanitarian Aid • Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes. • Typically provided in instances of natural or man-made disasters, such as famine or war. • The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. • Types of aid include: clean water, food, shelter, and medical care.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Treaties formal agreements ratified by countries entering into the agreement. must have approval of the Senate for ratification. 3 types of treaties: 1) peace treaties – bring fighting to an end or bargain peace terms 2) alliance treaties – agreements to help each other for defense, economic, scientific, or other reasons 3) commercial treaties – economic agreements to trade on favorable terms. Example: NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). signed between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, to decrease trade barriers, such as tariffs, and trade restrictions.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Sanction • a threatened penalty for disobeying a law. • Sanctions can include the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. • One of the most famous examples of economic sanctions is a fifty-year old United States embargo against Cuba.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Military Intervention • the deliberate action of a nation or group of nations to introduce its military forces into the course of an existing controversy. • One of the most difficult issues in American foreign policy is deciding when the United States should conduct a military intervention. • Most citizens would agree that military intervention is necessary when there is a vital threat to the United States or its citizens • Problems arise when there is disagreement about what constitutes a vital threat.
SSCG 12: Describe the tools used to carry out U. S. Foreign Policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions/military intervention Example of a disagreement on what is considered a vital threat: • Situations that do not impose an immediate threat to U. S. national security, but could imperil it in the future, such as when a region becomes unstable and the instability may lead to wider conflicts. • Humanitarian assistance is another example of where citizens disagree on whether the U. S. should intervene militarily. Opponents would argue that even though the U. S. is viewed as the most powerful democratic nation, we should not get involved in affairs unless our nation is threatened. • They would argue that the expense and possible loss of life of our American service men and women should take priority in cases where the U. S. is not directly threatened.
- Slides: 49