The Evolution of Leadership Trait Approach Behavior Approach

Leadership Explained • Leadership is a Trait • Leadership is an Ability • Leadership is a Skill • Leadership is a Behavior • Leadership is a Relationship • Leadership is an Influence Process © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is a Trait • Each of us has unique leadership traits • Emphasizes the leader in the leader-follower context • Is it elitist to say only some have leadership? • Or, are we all born with certain traits that we can modify and change? © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is an Ability • It means you are able—you have the capacity. • Is it like playing the piano? The more you play, the better you get? • It is a natural capacity but can also be learned. • We can develop our abilities through hard work and practice. • Example: UCLA Coach John Wooden © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is a Skill • This means leadership is a competency. • A skill means you know how to do something, that you are competent. • As a competency, leadership becomes available to everyone. • If we can learn from experience, we can acquire leadership. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is a Behavior • It is about the actions of leaders. • Leadership requires task and process behaviors. • Effective leaders combine these two behaviors in the optimum way. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is a Relationship • An unusual way of thinking about leadership • Centered on communication between leaders and followers • Not linear but an interactive process • Not top-down • Mutual purposes imply an ethical dimension © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Is an Influence Process • A process whereby an individual influences a group to achieve a common goal • Interactive event • Leaders affect followers • Stressing common goals gives an ethical dimension to leadership © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Global Leadership Attributes • Leadership concepts outlined in this chapter are from a North American perspective. • Different views of leadership exist in other parts of the world. • House (2004) studied impact of culture on leadership effectiveness in 62 countries. • Universally accepted positive and negative leadership characteristics © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Leadership Snapshot • Indra Nooyi, CEO of Pepsi. Co o One of the top female executives in the US. o Grew up in Madras, India; always pushed conventional boundaries. o Completed a Master’s in Management from Yale University. o Worked for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Motorola, and Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) before joining Pepsi. o Chief dealmaker in acquiring Tropicana and Quaker Oats. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Practicing Leadership • There is a strong demand for leadership today. • People want effective leadership. • Effective leadership is intentional and creates change for the common good. • The challenge is to be prepared to lead when called on. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Case Study: King of the Hill • What leadership traits account for Denny Hill’s success? • How would you describe Denny Hill’s leadership abilities? • Leadership includes administrative skills, interpersonal skills, and conceptual skills. How does Denny Hill stack up on these skills? • How does Denny integrate task and relationship behaviors in his leadership? • From a relational perspective, how would you describe Denny Hill’s leadership? • In what way does Denny Hill’s coaching exemplify leadership as an influence process? © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Discussion Questions • Why are some people leaders while others are not? • What

Leadership Traits Explained • Studies on leadership identified many important leader traits. o What specific traits are needed to be a successful leader? • Research points to six traits: o o o Intelligence Confidence Charisma Determination Sociability Integrity © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Intelligence • Intelligence includes having good language skills, perceptual skills, & reasoning ability. • It is hard to change Intelligence Quotient (IQ). • It is possible to: o obtain knowledge o learn about your job & environment o use information to become better leaders © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Confidence • Confidence is a trait that has to do with feeling positive about one’s self & one’s ability to succeed. • Confident people: o feel self-assured o believe they can accomplish goals o do not second-guess themselves—they move forward with clear visions o they are positive about self & ability © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Confidence • How do we build confidence? o Understanding what is required from us o Have a mentor to show the way & provide constructive feedback o Practice builds confidence & assures us that we can do what we need to do (e. g. , Tiger Woods) © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Charisma • Magnetic charm and appeal that gives leaders exceptional powers of influence • Charisma is not a common personality trait. • To increase charisma: Be a strong role model for values Be competent in leadership to gain trust Articulate clear goals & strong values Communicate high expectations & show confidence in followers’ abilities o Inspire others o o • Ex. : J. F. Kennedy, Gandhi, M. L. King Jr. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Determination • Focused & attentive to tasks • Know where to go & how to get there • Includes initiative, persistence, & drive • Persevere in the face of obstacles • Easiest for leaders to acquire • Focus on task, clarify goals, articulate vision, & encourage others to stay the course • Ex. : marathon runners, Nelson Mandela © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociability • The capacity to establish pleasant social relationships • Friendly, outgoing, courteous, & diplomatic • Sensitive to others & cooperative • Easier for some than others • Increasing sociability requires that we try to get along with our coworkers o be friendly, kind, & thoughtful • Ex. : Anne Fox in leadership class © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Integrity • Honest & trustworthy with strong principles • Inspire confidence because it creates trust • Loyal, dependable, & not deceptive • Undergirds all aspects of leadership • To increase integrity—be honest & open • Challenge: o To strike a balance between being open while monitoring what is appropriate to disclose • Ex. : Former President Bill Clinton © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Historical Leaders • • • © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc. George Washington Winston Churchill

George Washington (1732– 1799) • Founding father and general in the Revolutionary War • Traits: o o o o Modest Moral Common man Did not thrive on power Provided stability & reason Even & predictable Was “great” because he was “good” © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Winston Churchill (1874– 1965) • Prime Minister of Great Britain • Traits: o Brilliant orator—masterful use of language, plain speaking o Ambitious for others & the country o Inspirational & hope-building o A self-trained reader o Suffered from depression—a loner © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mother Teresa (1910– 1997) • Humanitarian & Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1979) for her work with the poor in Calcutta • Founded Missionaries of Charity in 1950 • Traits: o Simple o Clear mission—focused on goals o Determined & fearless o Humble & spiritual o Strong-willed o Role model for others © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

William (Bill) Gates (1954– Present ) • Founder of Microsoft & wealthiest person in the world • Created a foundation for education & global health • Traits: o o Intelligent & visionary Task-oriented & diligent Focused & aggressive Simple, straightforward, unpretentious, & altruistic © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Oprah Winfrey (1954– Present ) • TV show host, philanthropist, actress, producer, & publisher • Most powerful/influential woman • Traits: o Excellent communicator o Intelligent, well-read, strong business sense o Charismatic style o Sincere & determined o Self-disclosing o Message of hope © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Nelson Mandela (1932– 2013) • First black president of South Africa & 1993 Nobel Peace Prize Winner for his role in ending apartheid • Traits: o o o Self-reflective & deeply moral Vision unwavering—fairness & justice Steadfast, focused, & disciplined Nonviolent & not vindictive Consensus builder Courageous, patient, humble, & compassionate © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

What do they all have in common? • • Visionary Strong-willed Diligent Inspirational Purpose-driven Role models Symbols of hope • From these exceptional leaders we can gain a better understanding of the traits that are important for effective leadership. © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Case Study: An Emerging Leader • What is your reaction to Tim’s story? • From your perspective, which has the greatest impact on Tim’s leadership journey —nature or nurture? • Of the six major leadership traits, which are Tim’s strongest and weakest? • What characteristics of Tim’s leadership would you like to incorporate into your own style of leadership? © 2015 SAGE Publications, Inc.