The Era of Good Feelings 1816 1825 The

The Era of Good Feelings (1816 -1825)

The Era of Good Feelings After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” characterized by: An extremely popular president The emergence of a 2 nd generation of U. S. leaders Dominance by the Republicans A surge in nationalism that united the country & improved U. S. industry & transportation

Monroe as President He appointed Democrats, Federalists, James Monroe was elected Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet; president in 1816 & 1820 with a including Sec of State John Q Adams clear set of goals: To promote national unity To promote America’s power in the world Republican dominance of the presidency & Congress helped push through a series of new laws

The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the antebellum era: Henry Clay (Republican, KY) : Represented the “West” Speaker of the House Proponent of national economic development (“American System" to promote industry & markets for farmers)

The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC): Represented the “South” Sec of War; VP He was the nation's leading proponent of states' rights embraced nullification

The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a new wave of While they did not always agree, this leaders shaped the antebellum “Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, & era: Webster enthusiastically supported national Daniel Webster MA): economic(Whig, development Represented the “North” Congressman; Sec of State Strong proponent of Nationalism & strong critic of states' rights

Politics After the War of 1812 The Dem-Repubs traditionally represented limited gov’t, states' rights, & strict construction But, without Federalist opposition, the Dem-Repubs adopted many traditionally Federalist policies: National economic development A permanent army Transportation improvements A national university in D. C.

All were proposed bylet Hamilton & of 1 st significant Jefferson the charter opposed by Republicans the 1790 s Henry Clay’s American System protective tariff the 1 st BUS in expire in 1811 in U. S. history. Clay’s American System in Henry 1816 proposed the creation of: The 2 nd Bank of the U. S. to stabilize U. S. currency Helped the way for future. U. S. RR Tariffpave of 1816 to promote construction removalof industry& & western limit the. Indian importation British manufactured goods A nat’l system of roads & canals The “American System” helped unify North, South, & West

Judicial Nationalism John Marshall (1801 -1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t: Exerted the power of the national gov’t over the states Rejected the claim that states could check powers of the national gov’ t Affirmed the loose construction argument of the elastic clause

Judicial Nationalism Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties Mc. Cullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t

Nationalist Foreign Policy President Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada Treaty border (1817): set at theto 49º Rush-Bagot avoid conflicts along the Great Lakes, the U. S. agreed not to take Canada & Britain not to invade the U. S

Nationalist Foreign Policy Monroe & JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Also, Spain assumed Florida: would eventually be annexed Andrew Jackson took$5 it million upon U. S. agreed to pay Spain himself to end claims Indiantoattacks & renounced Texas on Georgia from Spanish Florida Jackson’s military advances & U. S. success in the War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U. S.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Nationalist Foreign Policy The U. S. will protect Latin Whenindependence Latin American nations American revolted against Spain, the U. S. The U. S. will act independently & supported theitsnew republics: will protect sphere of influence European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & the U. S. will not interfere in Europe

Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings

Settlement of the. Many Trans-Mississippi The end of the War settled in the West of 1812 unleashed to escape a rush of pioneers overpopulation, rising into the western land prices, & worn-out territories soil in the East The 2 nd BUS made credit available for farmers to purchase land

Settlement the. U. S. Trans-Mississippi By 1810, 1/7 th of of the population lived in rd lived in the West; By 1840 over 1/3 Congress quickly admitted 5 states to the Union: Indiana (1816) Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Mississippi (1817) Louisiana (1812)

Sectional Disputes The Era of Good Feelings started with a wave of national unity, but sectional disputes between the North & South emerged & would dominate politics for next 40 years Disagreed over the use of protective tariffs, especially when cotton prices fell in 1820 s Disagreed over slavery in the western territories & states

Compromise Population. Missouri was growing more rapidly in North, so House of Reps favored Northerners In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state & NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri revealed U. S. sectional rivalries: only if its state constitution provided for North resented Southern control of the gradual elimination of slavery presidency & its 3/5 -inflated representation in House of Reps South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US

American Slave Population, 1790 -1820

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri became a slave state Maine (which broke from Mass) was admitted as free state Slavery was banned elsewhere in the Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36° 30' The Missouri controversy exposed a deep rift between North & South

Missouri Compromise, 1820 -1821

Conclusions The “Era of Good Feelings” led to: An improved American economy Better transportation More territory & more clearlydefined borders A foreign policy in Latin America But…sectional problems between the North & South

Discussion Questions Both Alexander Hamilton & John Marshall were Federalists who believed in a strong national gov’t. Who was more influential in shaping American history? Explain Which policy will be more important in U. S. history: Monroe’s foreign OR domestic policy?

Essential Question: Question How did U. S. foreign policy change from the presidencies of Washington to Monroe? RQ Ch 10 B (328 -340)